: Rwanda Genocide 18

Felicien Kabuga

Kabuga was a rich business man who was known as “the financier of the genocide”. He was very close with the family of President Habyarimana. Kabuga supported and was secretly partnered with the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development of the Coalition for the Defense of the Republic which was an extremist Hutu party. He had a major influence upon the organizations which organized the extermination of the Tutsi through training militias and forming lists of those to be murdered. The Hutu adapted RTLM as their official radio station which belonged to Kabuga. Eventually Kabuga fled Rwanda to Switzerland, where he was kicked out and went to the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is now said that he may be living in Nairobi, Kenya. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 18

: The Bosnian Genocide: Wrapping it Up

Bosnian Genocide

http://www.appliedlanguage.com/flags_of_the_world/large_flag_of_bosnia_and_herzegovina.gif"

When the Bosnian Muslims declared independence in 1992, the then-Yugoslovian president Milosevic attacked them to support the Serbian minority. The Serbian force began to eliminate Muslims and entire villages in what they called "ethnic cleansing". This resulted in over 200,000 Muslim civilian casualties and 2 million Muslims were displaced as a result.

The Bosnian Genocide: Wrapping it Up

: Oldham riots

MW, DW, MA, OA

In Oldham there were great tensions between the immigrant Asian peoples from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh and the native whites. The immigrants came predominately because of work oportunities in the factories, which were on decline around the mid 20th century. The Asians were the first ones to be layed off in factory jobs and lived in the poorest neighborhoods in the city. this economic disparity led to many acts of violence of both sides and culminated in a 2-day riot.

Oldham riots

: Attack on an Arab-American family

Theme 1

In Wayne, NJ an arrow was shot through the home of an Arab-American family, part of a series of hate crimes since 9/11. The arrow was shot into the room of their young daughter but thankfully she was not hurt.
(DL)

Attack on an Arab-American family

: Mob on a Mosque

Theme I

In the suburbs around Chicago a mob tried to storm a Mosque chanting "USA, USA" but were stopped by police.
(DL)

Mob on a Mosque

: Iran

1. Head of state: Supreme leader: Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei President: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD
2. Form of Government: theocratic republic
3. Capital city: Tehran
4. Population 65,397,521
5. Previous to 1979 Iran was a moderate monarchy, which was friendly to the west, and by extension to Israel. In 1979 a student lead revolution ended in the institution of a religious theocracy, which was hostile to the west, hostile to Israel, and hostile to secular government. The Supreme Leader, the Ayatollah Khomeini, called for Shias throughout the middle east to overthrow their secular governments, and this, in combination with border disputes, lead to an Iraqi invasion of Iran, and the Iraq-Iran war. This war was eventually concluded in 1988 with a U.N. Moderated treaty, which left both Iran and Iraq in power. Iran continued to oppose the existence of Israel, funding the Lebanese Shia party Hezbollah, which opposes the existence of the state of Israel. Hezbollah continues martial resistance against Israel, most notably in their support for the Hamas kidnapping of Israeli solders which lead to the Isreal-Lebanon War in July 12, 2006. With the election of Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD, a radical, who opposes the existence of the state of Israel, and denies the holocaust, Iran has moved even further from peace with Israel.

Iran

: Lebanon

Head of State: Emile Lahoud

Type of Government: Parliamentary-Republic

Capital City: Beirut

Population: 3,925,502

Brief History: When Israel was created in 1948, Lebanon and six other countries declared war against the new nation in the Arab-Israeli War. It was a vain attempt to wipe Israel off the world that led to bad blood in terms of relations between Israel and Lebanon. Due to the refugees from this war, many Palestinians fled to southern Lebanon, where they set up their underground guerilla headquarters. The influx of Palestinians into the area led to not only a progression of tensions between Israel and Lebanon, but between Lebanese and Palestinians. Terrorist attacks and retaliations from each side led to many wars amongst the two nations and there seems to be no let up in sight, at least for now.

Picture:
http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/images/President.gif">

Lebanon

: Attack on a School

Theme I

In Brooklyn an Islamic school was pelted with rocks and bloody pork chops. (This is significant, because they arn't allowed to eat pork.)
(DL)

Attack on a School

: Soweto, South Africa

Red Group

June 16 1976 black youth against South AFrican authorities rebelling because of a mandate to have children taught in Afrikaans. A peaceful protest turned violent and garnered international attention.

Soweto, South Africa

: Alexandria

anti-Semitism

The Jewish philosopher Philio of Alexandria recorded the first act of anti-Semitism as having taken place in the city of Alexandria in 38 B.C. Philio described an attack on the Jewish community which left thousands of Jews killed; however the validity of this early account (the ancients were prone to over-exaggeration) must be brought into question. S.D.

Alexandria

: Nuremberg Laws

Holocaust

In 1935, Nazi Germany passed the Nuremberg Laws which are considered the founding blocks of the Holocaust. The Laws deprived all German Jews of citizenship and of civil rights. Later versions of the laws (they were updated up until the end of the war) were responsibe for the segregation of Jews from the rest of German society and their confinement to ghettos. B.O.

Nuremberg Laws

: Armenian Genocide

Unit 2 Presentation: http://docs.google.com/Presentation?id=dcpdqr8k_83g577sb

Armenian Genocide

: Khalil Gibran International Academy

Theme 3

Presentation: http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcpdqr8k_96cx99gr

Khalil Gibran International Academy

: Russian Federation

Erica and Gabe!

In 1943, the Soviet Union began its weapons program proper, upon hearing about the Manhattan Project from the United States. The first atomic explosion occured in August of 1949 at 7:00:29.
Today, Russia has the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction in the world. It has 40,000 tons of chemical weapons, and 8400 nuclear weapons as of 2005, with 7200 being active warheads. Their number of tactical nuclear weapons, however, is unknown.Russia is a signature on teh Non-Proliferation Treaty. The Russian Duma also approved a test ban treaty.
Belarus became a nuclear power when the Soviet Union dissolved because of the 81 SS-25 missiles left on its soil. In May of 1992, however, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus all signed the Lisbon Protocol to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and destroyed or gave all of their weapons over to Russia.

Russian Federation

:

Ben+Megan

: Landmines in the Demilitarized Zone

Landmines

The Korean Demilitarized Zone cuts the Korean peninsula in half and serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea. It's the most heavily armed border in the world. There are one million landmines along the DMZ that help to maintain the peace.

The 1997 Ottawa Treaty bans the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel mines. Although this treaty has been signed by 137 countries and ratified by 95, the United States, South Korea, and North Korea have not signed it.

Landmines in the Demilitarized Zone

: North Korea

1. North Korea is reported to have begun the cnstruction of weapons of mass destruction in 1985.
2. Don't think siz of arsenal is known, but they ave only had one successful test so far (in 2006)
3. Did not sigh nuclear non proliferation treaty.
4. Did not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty either.

North Korea

: Albania

Albania once had a large stockpile of chemical weapons, estimated abround 16,678 kilograms of mustard agent, lewisite, adamsite, and chloroacetophenone.
They were acquired from China in the mid-1970s, although there was no hard evidence found to back this up.

They were one of the first signatories to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993.
The treaty from this convention went into effect in 1997 and it required the declaration of chemical stockpiles, and the destruction of all chemical weapons, delivery systems and production facilities. Albania was 1 of 6 countries to declare a stockpile in March 2003, after the discovery in December 2002 of 600 bulk containers of chemicals in an abandoned bunker.

On 11 July 2007, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) confirmed the destruction of the entire chemical weapons stockpile in Albania, making Albania the first nation to completely destroy all of its chemical weapons under the terms of the CWC.

Albania

: Site of Russian Nuclear Research

Russia

Stefan Djordjevic and Sean Maher

Russia first started working on its nuclear program in 1939 during the
days of good ol' Stalinist Russia. The first nuclear weapon the
Russians detonated their first nuclear missile in 1949. In 1955 they
detonated their "superbomb," the first true H-bomb test. Their nuclear
experiments and research were carried out in the town of Sarov, which
gained the nickname of the Soviet Los Alamos. The Tsar Bomba" ("King
of Bombs") made by the Soviets in 1961 was the largest nuclear weapon
ever detonated.
3300-3400 strategic nuclear weapons
3000-8000 non-strategic, tactical nukes
About 8000 non-operational warheads
In the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, the Russian government
managed to misplace hundreds of their nuclear warheads, leading to the
problem of nuclear proliferation in post-Soviet Eastern Europe. At the
time of the fall of the USSR, the Soviets possessed 27,000 but most of
these nuclear stockpiles were destroyed.
In 1968, Russia was signatory to the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. The
treaty was also originally ratified by the Soviet Union.
Russia has nuclear weapon parity with the United States, meaning that
the two countries are capable of mutually assured destruction. It has
a larger arsenal than the US in number of warheads but a lesser
missile weapon range (11,000 kilometers as compared to the US' 13,000
km).
In 2002, Russia (along with U.S.) was signatory to the Treaty on
Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT)- also known as the Moscow
Treaty- by which the US and Russia both agreed to lower their
operational missile arsenal to 1700-2200 warheads.

Site of Russian Nuclear Research

: India

Odila Albarran, Mike Adelphia

India's first Nuclear test occurred on the 18th of May, 1974. India is currently thought to have had a stockpile of around 70-120 warheads.It is credited with having sufficient fissile material to build 60-200 nuclear weapons, with most reports placing the figure at 85-100.India is not a signatory to the NPT, or the CTBT,but did accede to the Partial Test Ban Treaty in October 1963.Its non-proliferation record has been excellent and has sustained its nuclear industry and research despite the sanctions associated with being a non-signatory to the NPT.

India

: Rwanda Genocide 3

January 1994 An anonymous Hutu informant later to be titled as Jean Pierre claimed the Hutu regime was rapidly training and arming local militias and was prepared to give the location of weapon caches within the country. Washington told Dallaire to ignore this warning and focus on his own men.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 3

: Rwanda Genocide 4

February 22st, 1994 A day after Felicien Gatabazi, the minister of public works is assassinated, Martin Bucyana, president of the hard-line Hutu Coalition for the Defense of the Republic is killed in Rwandan southern town of Butare.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 4

: Rwanda Genocide 6

June 23rd, 1994 France sends 2,500 soldiers to set up a “safe zone” in Kigali.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 6

: Rwanda Genocide 7

July 19th, after rebels finally stop the Rwandan genocide the RPF government is sworn in and 1.7 million Hutu refugees flee to neighboring Zaire and Tanzania.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 7

: The First Actions of "Ethnic Cleansing"

Bosnian Genocide

July 13, 1995 (Morning)
A relatively "small" massacre took place on the banks of the nearby Jadar River. Seventeen men were shot but one mananged to escape shortly after getting shot in the hip.

The First Actions of "Ethnic Cleansing"

:

:

On June 17th, 2007 Oxfam announced that it was pulling out its resources and personnel from Gereida- the largest refuge camp in Darfur- as a result of the inability of the SLA to patrol the region and ensure security to Oxfam personnel. This was in response to the killing of members of NGO organizations, as well the hijacking and seizure of supplies belonging to the United Nations and other multinational organizations. Even though the AMIS (the African Mission in the Sudan) force was deployed to Darfur at this time, the international community felt that its personnel were still in clear and present danger in the Darfur Region.

: The First Large-Scale Massacres

Bosnian Genocide

July 13 1995 (Afternoon)
150 men (ages 14 - 50) were lined up along the side the road and were shot down. Many had their hands tied behind their backs and 147 of the 150 were wearing civilian.

The First Large-Scale Massacres

:

Istok- One thousand refugees from this twon arrived at the border with Macedonia on April 8,1999. Some refugees said that an unknown number of people had died en route, and others were turned around by Serb police near Raska.

: Sirte, Lybia

Darfur

In November of 2007, there were peace talks held in SIrte, Libya. These talks were not very effective due to the absence of several important rebel groups. They were labeled an "advanced consultation phase". The groups present were the Justice and Equality Movement,-Azraq, the Justice and Equality Movement-Collective Leadership, Revolutioanry Democratic Forces Front, United Revolutionary Force Front, The SLM, and the SFDA. Those absent included the JEM led by Khalil Ibrahim, the SLM led by Wahed, the SLM Unity, and Ahmed Abdel Shafi, a notable rebe;.

Sirte, Lybia

: Quick Assumptions & Quick Moving...

Holocaust

During the summer of 1934, The Franks decide to move to the Netherlands because of increasing tensions in Germany so they join their grandmother in Aachen & Otto Frank travels to Holland.

Quick Assumptions & Quick Moving...

: Juba, Sudan

Darfur

Rebel groups in the Sudan have united under the auspices of two leading organizations and have declared their willingness to negotiate with the Khartoum government on November the 14th, 2007. In a ceremony held in the Juba Hotel, rebel leaders declared an end to internal conflict and agreed to follow a unified position in resolving the crisis in Darfur. The leader of the SPLM said: "Today your unity have offered to our suffering people in Darfur a hope that peace is within achievable reach, I would like you to go to Darfur with message of unity and peace to our people in Darfur.” The Juba Declaration of Unity was agreed upon by: Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) led by Haydar Galu Kuma, Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) Field Command Abdel aziz Ahmad Omer, United Revolutionary Forces Front led by Alhadi Adam Ajab Aldoarr, National Movement for Development and Reforms (MNRD) led by Hassan Khsmis Jarou, Justice and Equality Movement of Collective Leadership (JEM-CL) led by Tadjadine Bechir Niam.

Juba, Sudan

: Hitler's Invasion

Holocaust

In September of 1939 Hitler creates and starts the T-4 program which allowed the killing of the insane, disabled and handicapped people. At this time he invades Poland and starts World War ll.

Hitler's Invasion

: The Kravica Killings

Bosnian Genocide

July 13 1995
Somewhere in the range of 1300 men were rounded up from the largest warehouse owned by the Argricultural Cooperative in Kravica. They were captured somewhere near Sandici and brought back to Kravica, where they were brutally destroyed by way of not only shooting, but by being exploded by rocket-propelled grenades. About 139 bodies were later found in a gravesite codenamed Glogova 2, and in the Glogova 1 gravesite, there were 191 bodies found alongside the remains of broken glass and shattered brick from the explosions.

The Kravica Killings

: Golo: First Blood

Darfur

The date when the Conflict in Darfur begun is debated. There are the 3 candidates:

1. 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Qur'an to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages.

2. June 2002 when the Rebels launched an attack on the Golo Police Station

3. 26 February 2003 when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) attacked on Golo, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District
Most international organizations consider the 26th of February 2003 as the beginning of the conflict.

Golo: First Blood

: Al Fashir

Darfur

On April 25th, 2003 the JEM and SLA surprise attack on al-Fashir overwhelmed and totally surprised the government forces and destroyed four Antonov bombers and helicopter gunships, killed 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were and capturer 32 more including a Major General This operation terrified the Sudanese government, who feared that the fighting might spread to Khartoum. For the rest of the spring of 2007 the SLA achieved local and regional tactical successes and the government had to turn to paramilitaries to defend its rather fragile position.
Key terms:
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM): rebel group led by Khali Ibrahim which is in conflict with both the Sudanese National Government and the Janjaweed. The JEM commonly attacks Sudan’s Chinese-owned oil fields whose revenue the JEM believes funds the actions of the Janjaweed.
Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA): The SLA was originally one rebel organization which fought against the Sudanese government but at the moment it is divided into two factions, one of which nominally supports the government while the other continues on its traditional animosity against both the government and the Janjaweed.

Al Fashir

: N'Djamena

Darfur

The April 8 the Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement was brokered by Chad and agreed upon by the Sudanese government and the JEM and SLA rebel groups. The JEM had splintered in two prior to the signing of the accord so its splinter group The National Movement for Reform and Development does not accept the terms of the treaty. The Janjaweed has also failed to uphold the terms of the Treaty because it sees itself as working outside the Sudanese government- ie. Not its direct instrument- and so sees no cause to ascribe to the Treaty’s conditions. In order to monitor the terms of the ceasefire between the signatories, the AU established a Ceasefire Commission.

Terms of the Ceasefire:

“1 The parties undertake to join their efforts in order to establish a global and definite peace in Darfur….
3 The parties undertake to create a conducive environment for negotiations and to cease all hostile media campaigns……
Article 2: The cessation of hostilities between all the forces of
the parties will be effective 72 hours after the signing of this Agreement.
During the cease-fire, each party shall:
-Refrain from any recruitment operations;
-Refrain from any military action, and any reconnaissance operations
-Disengage and refrain from any deployment, movement or action which could extend the territory under its control or which could lead to a resumption of hostilities;
-Stop laying landmines; mark and sign post any danger areas and mine fields;
-Refrain from supplying or acquiring arms and ammunitions;
-Refrain from any act of violence or any other abuse on civilian populations;
-Stop any act of sabotage;
-Stop any restriction on the movement of goods and people;
-Stop any form of hostile act, including hostile propaganda;
-Ensure humanitarian access;
-Refrain from any military activity which, from the opinion of the Cease-fire Commission or the Joint Commission, could endanger the cease- fire….
Article 6: The parties shall ensure that all armed groups under their control comply with this Agreement. The forces of armed opposition should be assembled in clearly identified sites. The Sudanese Government shall commit itself to neutralize the armed militias.”

Naturally, the Sudanese government can be, and has been, criticized for its inability to “neutralize the armed militias” following the Agreement. The Janjaweed is one of the groups that is covered by that article of the Ceasefire but the official government has failed to live up to the commitment it made to its fellow signatories.

N'Djamena

: Rwanda Genocide 11

Augustin Bizimana

Bizimana was the Minister of Defence for the Rwandan army. It was said that he witnessed the murdering of two Tutsis by his men, and knew of the abduction and raping of Tutsi students and refugees at a hospital. Bizimana was charged with conspiracy to commit genocide, along with 10 other counts. Bizimana fled Rwanda and is said to be living in the Democratic Republic of Congo. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 11

: Rwanda Genocide 16

Jean-Baptiste Gatete: Arrested

Gatete was Mayor of Murambi during 1987-1993. He was also a member of the National Congress of the MRND. When he ended his term as mayor, he still had control over the police and the militia in the Prefuctures of Byumba and Kibungo. Gatete is accused of organizing and overseeing the murder of Tutsis in his region. Gatete was arrested on September 13, 2002 in the Republic of Congo. He was charged with genocide along with crimes against humanity including rape, extermination, persecution, and murder. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 16

: Rwanda Genocide 9

Augustin Bizimungu: Arrested

Bizimungu was the Chief Staff of the Rwandan Army. Bizimungu stated that if the Rwandan Patriotic Front attacked again, he would exterminate every Tutsi is his division. Bizimungu is also held responsible for the distribution of weapons to both soldiers and private citizens. He is also responsible for knowing the actions of his militiamen and doing nothing to stop them. Bizimungu was arrested on August 12, 2002 in Luena, Angola. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 9

: Sirte, Lybia

Darfur

In November of 2007, there were peace talks held in SIrte, Libya. These talks were not very effective due to the absence of several important rebel groups. They were labeled an "advanced consultation phase". The groups present were the Justice and Equality Movement,-Azraq, the Justice and Equality Movement-Collective Leadership, Revolutioanry Democratic Forces Front, United Revolutionary Force Front, The SLM, and the SFDA. Those absent included the JEM led by Khalil Ibrahim, the SLM led by Wahed, the SLM Unity, and Ahmed Abdel Shafi, a notable rebel.

Sirte, Lybia

: Tisca's Sad Song

Bosnian Genocide

July 13-14 1995
The Bosniak people were rounded up in the local school and a soldier recieved an order via telephone to escort the men to their execution. Sometime around midnight, about 23 men were rallied into a bus with their hands tied behind their backs and were systematically eliminated.

Tisca's Sad Song

: Juba

Darfur

Rebel groups in the Sudan have united under the auspices of two leading organizations and have declared their willingness to negotiate with the Khartoum government on November the 14th, 2007. In a ceremony held in the Juba Hotel, rebel leaders declared an end to internal conflict and agreed to follow a unified position in resolving the crisis in Darfur. The leader of the SPLM said: "Today your unity have offered to our suffering people in Darfur a hope that peace is within achievable reach, I would like you to go to Darfur with message of unity and peace to our people in Darfur.” The Juba Declaration of Unity was agreed upon by: Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) led by Haydar Galu Kuma, Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) Field Command Abdel aziz Ahmad Omer, United Revolutionary Forces Front led by Alhadi Adam Ajab Aldoarr, National Movement for Development and Reforms (MNRD) led by Hassan Khsmis Jarou, Justice and Equality Movement of Collective Leadership (JEM-CL) led by Tadjadine Bechir Niam.

Juba

: Liquidation? Yes, of all the ghettos!

Holocaust

February/June 1943: (2)The encircled German Sixth Army surrenders to Soviet forces at Stalingrad, Russia. The tide of the war begins to turn against Germany. SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders the complete liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in the Soviet Union and Poland.

Liquidation? Yes, of all the ghettos!

: Rwanda Genocide 13

Tharcisse Renzaho: Arrested

Tharcisse Renzaho was the Governor of Kigali City as well as senior officer as Colonel of the Rwandan Armed Forces. Renzaho made the orders to block roads in order to identify and kill Tutsis. Renzaho cleared out counselors from his sector who did not favor the massacres of Tutsis. Although Renzaho escaped arrest by Kenya, he was eventually arrested in the Democratic Republic of Congo, who transferred him to the ICTR. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 13

: Rwanda Genocide 15

ldephonse Hategekimana: Arrested

Hategekimana had both political and military authority and planned the massacres of both Tutsis and those who opposed him. He supposedly supervised the murders taking place in Butare by the Interhamwe. He was also the commandant of the Ngoma military camp. Hategekimana was arrested on February 16, 2003 in Brazzaville, Congo for genocide and crimes against humanity. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 15

: Lemkin Arrives in America

After travelling through Europe for many years trying to escape the Nazis, he arrived in North Carolina on April 18, 1941. When he arrived, he made a speech at a dinner with the Duke University president without preperation or full fluency in the English language, urging the guests to do something about the horrors being committed in Europe.

Lemkin Arrives in America

: Rwanda Genocide 10

Augustin Ngirabatware: Arrested

Ngirabatware was the Minister of Planning as well as a member of the Gisenyi Provincial Committee. He was arrested in Frankfurt, Germany on July 19, 2007 for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 10

: Rwanda Genocide 17

Idelphonse Nizeyimana

Nizeyimana was second in command of Military Operations and Intelligence for the school of Non-commissioned officers in Butare. Nizeyimana is said to be a participant in the murders of Tutsis as well as moderate Hutus. With control over the ESO soldiers, he must have been aware of their invasion of the University of Rwanda in Butare where they killed Tutsi teachers and students, with the intent of attacking the Tutsi intellect population. Nizeyimana is still to be found. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 17

: Rwanda Genocide 14

Protais Mpiranya

Mpiranya was Commander of the Presidential Guard Battalion in the Rwandan Army and second in command of military operations and intelligence in the Presidential guard Battalion. Mpiranya directed the training of militiamen and also sent men to train Interahamwe, which was an extremist militia of the Hutu. Mpiranya fled Rwanda and is said to be in the Democratic Republic of Congo. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 14

: Lemkin in DC

When Lemkin arrived in Washington, DC in 1942, he became the Chief Consulant for the Board of Economic Warfare and the Foreign Economic Administration. In 1944, the US War Deparment hired him as an international law expert. While in DC, he constantly lobbyed for intervention in the mass execution occuring in Nazi occupied Europe. He even met with the vice president Henry Wallace, but was given no response. When he failed there, he moved on to President Roosevelt, who found it hard to pass a law on barbarity at the present wartime.

Lemkin in DC

: Orahovac's Havoc: The Genocide Continues

Bosnian Genocide

July 14 1995
When the prisoners from Bratunac were brough to Orahovac, the Grbavci school's gym then had somewhere between 2000 and 2500 men in there. They were then told that "...[their] government does not want you and I [General Mladic] have to take care of you..." After ordering the troops to group the men into small groups for their executions, it is said that the general rode up to the execution fields to personally watch the Bosniak men be killed.

Orahovac's Havoc: The Genocide Continues

: Rwanda Genocide 8

The Rwandan Genocide shares many characteristics with atrocities in Cambodia, Iraq, and Bosnia. Westerners fear of "another Somalia", and mass extermination fogged by the long lasting factions Washington claimed to constitute a civil war between the Hutu and the Tutsi left Rwandans to fend for themselves. Unlike the Holocaust, citizens were not carried off to labor camps or to be gassed systematically in gas chambers. Instead, Hutu neighbors were the killers in the genocide, chopping up their neighbors with machetes or even large sticks with nails attached. The West had many chances to stop the Rwandan genocide, yet continued to turn the way becasue they had "nothing to lose."

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 8

: Lemkin in the United Nations

After promoting his draft law against barbarity and vandlism in Britian and France. He came to the newly formed United Nations to get his newly formed word "genocide" recognized and banned. He saw this as the first step to get a international law agaisnt genocide made.

Lemkin in the United Nations

: Nikola Jorgic's Sentence

Bosnian Genocide

http://www.cin.ba/Photos/P3_Reconciliation/images/tn_PP3_Lost_1.jpg"
He was a Serb and was a leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. In September of 1997, he was tried by the Higher Regional Court of Dusseldorf and recieved 4 terms of life for involvment in Genocidal action that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Nikola Jorgic's Sentence

: President Milosevic's Sentence

Bosnian Genocide

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Milosevic-1.jpg">

His ultra-national regime, along with his facist and genocidal policies regarding territorial expansions, all led to Slobodan Milosevic's trial by the Int'l Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslovia, where he faced charges of crimes agianst humanity, violating the laws/ customs of war, for breaking the Gevenva conventions, and genocide. However, there was never a verdict given out because he died during the procedings.

President Milosevic's Sentence

: Globalization in Thailand

Globalization in Thailand

: Brazil Impact on Globalization

•Basic economic overview
o Brazil’s economy is bigger than that of any other country in South America and is becoming more and more known to the world market. In 2001-2003 Brazil was overcoming some difficulties with their economy but regained strength. From 2003 to 2007 Brazil has been able to say that they once again were able to record its first surplus since 1992. Lula Da Silva, in his 2nd term, stated that more economic reforms were to come that would improve things such as infrastructure.
•Brazil and Globalization
o In 2002, nearly 53 million Brazilians elected a former leader of the combative New Unionism movement who guided Brazil through globalization. President Luiz Inácio of the Workers’ Party set his tack toward an outward-oriented development strategy to grow the economy, combat social exclusion and prepare the country for global leadership. Lula expanded exports of mineral, agricultural, semi-industrialized and high value added manufactured goods. Building on the success of the Cardoso presidency, Brazil’s export earnings grew from $43.5 billion in 1994 to an estimated $90 billion by the end of 2004.
•GDP growth rate
o 4.9% (2007 est.)
•Labor force (composition)
o 99.47 million (2007 est.)
•Inflation Rate
o 4.1% (2007 est.)

Brazil Impact on Globalization

: Globalization in South Korea-John Trevino/Stephanie Jemilo

Economic Overview: Over the past four decades, South Korea has experienced tremendous economic growth and integration into the world economy. Its annual GDP is comparable to that of Greece and Spain, and in 2004, it joined the "trillion dollar club" of world economies. South Korea's economic success has been a result of close government/business ties on directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. To spur economic growth, leaders in South Kore ahave imported raw materials and technology and stressed the importance of investment over consumption. They have reached relative economic stability through a combination of low unemployment, moderate inflation, and an export surplus.
GDP Growth Rate: 4.8% (2007 estimate)
Labor Force (composition): agriculture (8.8%), industry (18.3%), services (72.9%)
Inflation Rate: 2.5% (2007 estimate)

Globalization: In the 80s, South Korea experienced a period of economic growth. The collaboration between businesses and governments regulated what was produced, how money was borrowed/repayed, etc. The government shifted its focus from industry to consumer goods, and eased import restrictions. In the 19088, when Seoul hosted the Summer Olympics, the economy relied less on exports in order to meet the demands of a growing domestic market. By the end of the decade, however, economic growth slowed and inflation rates were on the rise. In the early 90s, Kim Young Sam, a member of the Democratic Liberal Party, is elected and immediately introduces economic reform. The East Asian financial crisis of the mid 90s hit South Korea hard. The value of the Korean Won falls 50% against the dollar and GDP growth fell to -5.8%. In order to fend off a large-scale recession, the IMF granted South Korea a "bailout" of 58 billion USD. In 2000, the leaders of North and South Korea reconnected the Seoul-Sinuiju railway line (closed for 55 years)to stimulate inter-Korean trade. After hosting the 2002 World Cup, South Korea gained a global image as a vibrant and flourishing country. While its economy is steadily growing, increase tensions with North Korea have some economists worried.

Globalization in South Korea-John Trevino/Stephanie Jemilo

: China's Role

China’s economy has changed within the last 25 years to be a more market-oriented economy, whose private sector is growing. Economic reforms began in the 1970s after Mao Zedong’s reign ended. The reforms included gradual liberalization, decentralization, diversification, and expansion of foreign trade. The reforms have contributed to a tenfold increase in GDP, of which the growth rate is 11.4% (GDP purchasing power parity = $7.043 billion, GDP exchange rate = $2.879 billion) China currently holds a 4.7% consumer inflation rate. With a population of over 1.3 billion, 803.3 million compose China’s labor force: 3% agricultural, 25% industry, and 39.5% services. Industries include mining and ore processing to footwear and telecommunications equipment.
China has established itself as one of the key players in today’s global economy. Because China produces cheap, manufactured goods, other countries are able to purchase products for pennies and thus increasing the standard of living for its own citizens and also by doing this China is creating jobs. Large Western corporations outsource their factory production processes to plants in China, paying them cheap wages and marking up the price for sale. This role has allowed for these multinational corporations to grow and make large profits. After opening up the country to greater amount of foreign trade, China has also become part of the globalized trade network.


Elaine N. and Isabel S.

China's Role

: Maquildoras

Altough there are maquildoras in Mexico, many corporations are now looking to China and other South East Asian countries for the production of finished goods from raw materials. They have caused over 500 maquildoras in Mexico to shut down because Chinese can afford to pay their workers only 20-35 cents an hour compared to the $1.50 that Mexican factories pay their workers. The only difference is that with South East Asian production, shipping costs need to be taken into account. Barges in America are loaded with scrap metal, sent to China and the metal is transformed into finished product and then sent back on barges to America or some other Western country.

Maquildoras

: Russian Federation & Globalization

Economic overview: At the end of 2007, Russia ended with its ninth continuous year of growth. The financial crisis in 1998 was driven by high oil prices and an inflated ruble, Russia has seen an increase in oil demand and a subtle but powerful increase in investments. Since 2003, poverty has steadily decline and the middle class has expanded. Russia has also improved its international financial situation by ending 2001 and 2007 with a federal surplus. With the exportation of oil, Russia has increased their foreign reserves tremendously, from $12 billion in 1999 to $470 billion in 2007, the third largest in the world. Putin’s instituted important reforms in tax, banking, labor, and land codes during his first term that have played a significant role in strengthening confidence for investors and business owners.
GDP growth rate: 7.6%
Labor force: 75.1 million. Agriculture: 10.8%; Industry: 28.8%; Services: 60.5%
Inflation Rate: 11.9% annual average


In 1998, Russia experienced a financial crisis in which the value of the ruble fell and the demand for oil wasn’t strong enough to sustain Russia’s economy. The IMF instituted “shock therapy” which was intended to quickly privatize Russia’s market economy. Shock therapy failed miserably. However, since 1999, the Russia government has been recovering due to an increase for oil demand and international investments.

-Desiree & Henry

Russian Federation & Globalization

: Malaysia

OVERVIEW
Since the 1970’s Malaysia’s economy has developed from an agriculture base and raw-materials producer to a multi-sector economy. The main exports from Malaysia are electrical equipment, natural gasses, wood and wood products, petroleum, palm oil, rubber, and textiles amounting to 169.9 billion US dollars. The main exporting partners are the US, Singapore, Japan, China, and Thailand. Although electronics continue to drive the Economy, Prime Minister Abdullah has tried to attract investments in high technology industries such as medical and pharmaceuticals. The economy has done well due to high gas and energy prices as it is a major export. Since the Malaysian currency of the ringgit was un-pegged from the dollar, it has appreciated about 6% per year since 2005. Malaysia has healthy foreign exchange reserves and low debt, so a economic crisis or recession does not look likely for the near future.

GDP Growth: 5.7% per year

Labor Force
There are 10.91 million people in Malaysia’s labor force out of a total population of 24,821,286. thirteen percent of the labor force is in the agriculture sector, 36% in industry, and 51% in services. The unemployment rate is at 3.1% as of 2007.

Inflation rate: 2.1%

Globalization history:
In 1970 Malaysia established its New Economic Policy to promote entrepreneurship and local investment mostly from The US, Taiwan and Japan. In the early 70’s low inflation spurred the economy, but in 1974 during the OPEC oil crisis they experienced the highest inflation rate, 18%, in the decade. In the second half of the 70’s they discovered an oil reserve that boosted the economy and was run by state enterprises. In the early 80’s the government started pushing for reduced foreign ownership and began privatization. From 1987-1996, low levels of inflation and high labor industry make it a center for foreign investment. During the same period the average growth rate was up to 8% annually. The Asian financial crisis severely impacts Malaysia and the ringgot value plunges. Malaysia refuses an IMF bailout loan and instead tightens controls on all economic sectors. The government succeeds in controlling the crisis and a diverse economy and low level of debt help stabilize it. By 2002, annual growth is up to 4%, cooperate taxes are cut, and the government tries to cut bankrupt firms out the stock exchange.

Malaysia

: Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Stefan Djordjevic
Sean Maher
Jorge Perez

Basic economic overview:

• natural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower
• land use: arable land: 10.01%
permanent crops: 0.65%
other: 89.34% (2005)
• irrigated land: 2,900 sq km (2003)
• economy is primarily agricultural, accounts for more than ½ of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment

GDP:
• GDP- purchasing power: $55.07 billion (2007 est.)
• GDP (official exchange rate): $16.9 billion (2007 est.)
• GDP (growth rate): 9.8% (2007 est.)
• GDP (composition by sector):
o agriculture: 48.8%
industry: 12.9%
services: 38.3% (2007 est.)

Labor Force:
• Size of labor force: 27.27 million (1999), so the estimate might not be particularly accurate
• Labor force (compositional)-these estimates are not particularly up-to-date either
o agriculture: 80%
industry: 8%
services: 12% (1985)

Inflation:
• Inflation rate: 15.9%

Globalization and Ethiopia:
• Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative
• In December 2005, the IMF decided to forgive Ethiopia’s debt to the body
• In March 1997, the IMF graded Ethiopia’s macroeconomic structure incredibly harshly because it stated that Ethiopia’s economy was too dependant on international aid
• The IMF wanted Ethiopia to increase taxes and to cut back spending, which would obviously hurt the Ethiopian people
• It did not allow Ethiopia to fund economic growth by relying on Keynesian deficit spending
• The IMF also heavily criticized Ethiopia and took punitive measures against Ethiopia because the state paid back a loan to the United States early. The IMF took issue with Ethiopia because it used its monetary reserve to pay back the debt to the United States.
• The IMF also wanted Ethiopia to increase interest rates and liberalize banking practices- as we all know, the IMF loathes inflation particularly. The problem with that is that higher interest rates decrease growth rate of an economy.
• According to Stiglitz, he was personally instrumental in ensuring that Ethiopia received financial aid.

Ethiopia

: Indonesia

Globalization

In your group, your task is to explore the role(s) that the following countries have played in the globalization project of the last 25 years. You should place a marker on the map which includes a basic economic information about the country such as:

Basic economic overview: Under President Yudhoyono, Indonesia has undergone major economic reforms. Indonesia’s stock market has been one of the best 3 in terms of performance for both 2006 and 2007. The foreign exchange reserves are at an all time high of more than $50 billion and the country’s debt to GDP ratio has been steadily decreasing.
GDP growth rate 6.1%
Labor force (composition)
agriculture: 12.4%
industry: 47.7%
services: 39.9%

Inflation Rate 6.3%
In addition you should include a paragraph that details what role your country has played in the globalization of the last 25 years.


Indonesia faces a manifold of problems currently concerning stabilizing its tattered economy. Since 1985 Indonesia exports has risen from “9.9% to 27% by 2003”, while importing to the same countries during the same time period from “13.8% of total in 1985 to 37.3% in 2003.” The Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) says that free trade from globalization as devastated the Indonesian economy. In fact Indonesia suffers a loss of “18 trillion rupiah, or 1.9 billion dollars”, per year. These figures come from “tariffs”, and “reduction of subsidies”. Indonesia is attempting to follow the footsteps of the Asian economic giant, China, but is yet to find success in this effort.

Shaun Humes
Ben Orloff
Sam Friedman

Indonesia

: North Korea Immigration

Population: 23,301,725
Ethnic Composition: Korean; small ethnic Chinese and Japanese populations.
Birth Rate: 15.54 births/1,000 population
Death Rate: 7.13 deaths/1,000 population
Rate of Immigration: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Reasons for immigration or emigration: Migration in the North Korean context can largely be divided into two types: humanitarian and economic. North Korean emigration primarily consists of refugees and temporary contract workers sent by the government to work abroad. Migration to North Korea, on the other hand, primarily involves temporary visits by (mostly South Korean) business managers, investors, and tourists. Most movement is a result of the South Korean Ministry of Unification's efforts to bring the North and South economically, socially, and eventually politically closer together.
Political and social reactions to immigration: North Korea imposes very strict migration controls on the entries and exits of foreigners and of its citizens. Despite being a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights since 1981, North Korea does not uphold Article 12(2) of the law, which states, "Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own." North Korea has long regarded unauthorized departure as an act of treason. Individuals who are caught emigrating or helping others to cross the border illegally are detained in political penal-labor colonies, known as kwan-li-so. Prisoners serve anywhere between two to seven years in these camps, where rates of torture and death are notoriously high.

North Korea Immigration

: Indonesia

Indonesia has a population of 234,693,997. ((July 2007 est.) Its population growth rate is 1.213%, with a birth rate of 19.65 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) and a death rate of 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.). (Statistics provided courtesy of CIA factbook- a fantastic site) The predominant ethnic group is Javanese (40.6%). Thee other groups are “Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census).” (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html) Its net migration rate is “-1.27 migrants/1,000 population (2007 est.)”

Indonesia is one of the world’s most populous nations, as well as one of the poorest with an average GNP per capita of only $1280. The nation was heavily hit by the economic contagion which crippled East Asian markets in the 1990s and by the murderous tsunami which hit the state in December 2004. It is a labor-surplus nation, with the unemployment rate of over 20 percent (45 million people). Therefore, Indonesia has an issue of emigration to more developed countries. The emigration to developed countries is predominately done by skilled workers. However, there is also the issue of emigration of unskilled workers to Middle Eastern and other Asian nations. This emigration is temporary and mostly engaged in by women. Most of them go on to work in domestic service, and are particularly susceptible to exploitation and human trafficking offences. Of European states, Indonesians most often migrate to the Netherlands. This is not surprising because the Dutch East India Company had a powerful presence in present-day Indonesia during the 16th-18th centuries. Indonesia has become a global source of contract migrant workers to other nations, who work for about 2 years on average in their new countries. Since 2001, the favored destination of these migrant contract workers has been the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia. Singapore and Hong Kong are also common migrant worker destinations. According to a study published in 2005, more than one million female domestic workers from Indonesia are employed in the Middle East and other Asian countries. There is also illegal immigration, particularly to Malaysia. The Indonesian government estimated in 2005 that there were more than a million Indonesians living abroad illegally. Of these million, 400,000 are living in both Saudi Arabia and Malaysia, with the majority of the rest in South Korea, Hong Kong, and Japan. In 1993, Malaysia declared an amnesty to some half-million illegal immigrants from Indonesia. However, Malaysia’s immigrant policy has become much stricter in recent times and in mid-2004, it announced that it would deport some 600,000 illegal migrant workers. Over the course of the next year, almost 400,000 left Malaysia and came back to Indonesia.

The amount of money Indonesian migrant workers send them to their families has grown in recent years, reaching the sum of 3 billion dollars in 2005.However, this has not aided the Indonesian internal economy, due to a lack of profitable investment in domestic industry.

International migration to Indonesia is mainly of skilled workers, stemming from Indonesia’s inability to train skilled workers in its universities and technical schools. However, this has not been well documented since the economic crisis of 1997. The most recent study was conducted in 1995, with the majority of them in the capital of Jakarta. It seems logical that the number of skilled workers immigrating to Indonesia decreased as a result of the economic crisis, but this is only a supposition because the government and international bodies have not conducted research into the matter. The government has generally been slow in providing for protection of migrant workers from Indonesia, but this attitude has changed recently. The government has worked to set up an organization to improve the welfare of migrant workers and establish regular inspections by Indonesian officials of working places abroad. The processing time of migrant workers was also decreased from six months to only 24 days. The government has also occasionally worked to halt migration of workers to certain countries. In 2005, it banned sending Indonesian workers to Bahrain because Bahranian companies and agencies refused to accept regulations regarding a minimum wage and sick leave. Similarly, worker emigration to the Arab Emirates was banned in 2005 due to suspected human rights violations, but this has done little to deter the actual movement of workers.

NGOs are critical of the Indonesian government’s policies regarding protection of migrant workers; however, it is clear that the government has made progress to address these criticisms over the last 4 years.

-Stefan Djordjevic

Indonesia

: Colombia

Colombia

: Immigration in Mexico

Mexico has a population of around 108,700,891 (July 2007 est.) The ethnic composition of this population is predominantly Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) which makes up 60% percent of the population. The second most predominant ethnicity are complete Amerindians which takes up the next 30% of the population. The minorities of the population are whites who make up 9% and “other” which make up the last 1% of the population. The population growth rate of the country is about 1.153% with a birth rate of about 20.36 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) and a death rate around 4.76 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) The rate of immigration is roughly -4.08 migrants/1,000 population (2007 est.)
The beginning of Mexican immigration dates back to World War Two when Mexico agreed to the United States proposition of the “Bracero Program” in which Mexico supplied an estimated 4.5 million workers from 1942 to 1964 to balance the labor shortages in the United States during the war. But what America thought of as a temporary project the Mexican immigrants saw as permanent as they began to settle in the United States while prompting many other Mexican immigrants to illegally cross the border as well. The number of Mexicans who have moved their residence from Mexico to the United States has been steadily increasing since the 1960’s and increased most dramatically during the 1990’s.
The main reason for Mexican immigration into the United States is primarily economic gain. The nominal wage differentials are ten to one in favor of the United States. The long and sustained economic growth of the United States is a perfect match for the ceaselessly growing Mexican labor force. While some immigrants would permanently settle in the US, others would temporarily stay in an effort to make money to then take back home. Originally most of the Mexican immigrants came from rural agricultural areas but now come from every part of Mexico and settle almost all over the United States from Texas to California to New York.
In response to the illegal immigration the Mexican government has taken up the “policy of no policy” in other words their ignoring the illegal immigrations and letting them take place without objection. Today the main consensus among the two countries is normalizing and regulating migration into the US and establishing a wide-ranging legalization of Mexicans working there. However, this idea does not sit well with most of the Mexican population. So to this day the Mexican government is still trying to re-negotiate with the United States while the United States is trying every possible solution there is to stop the immigration flow. Pretty soon the United States will implement Project Chuck Norris where they put Chuck on the Mexican border so he can round-house kick anyone trying to illegally get through. God only know what they’ll come up with next.
In conclusion, Mexico and the United States are either going to have to accept the fact that illegal immigrants are making their way across the border or to engage cooperatively to try and negotiate a reasonable solution to cease or ease the rampant flow of illegal immigrants.

-Henry Rentas

Immigration in Mexico

: China

Major Chinese emigration occurred starting from the 19th century and lasted until roughly 1949. Many of the immigrants were coolies, or hard laborers, and poorly educated or illiterate peasants. They traveled to such places including but not limited to the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
The major Coolie migration is said to have began after the abolition of slavery throughout the British owned lands. This sparked a labor shortage and merchants from Europe looked to replace the former African slaves with laborers from Asia, specifically India and China. “Their strong physique, their eagerness to make money, their history of toil from infancy,” was one British Guina planter’s reason for hiring them.
A type of trading known as Mai Jyu Jaii occurred in the Coolie Trade- Chinese were sold as laborers to overseas colonies in exchange for money to feed their families. Many ended up working in extremely poor labor conditions where few survived. Many coolies were unable to return to China after their contracts ran out, as well as cheated out of their wages.
Immigration to China on the other hand, is relatively non-existent. According to China.org, “China is not an immigrant country. No law or regulations are set permitting immigration. A foreigner is only allowed to reside here for reasons of work, study, travel, or marriage over a certain period of time.” A lot of this could be due to their large population that is continually growing. There have been many times when they do not have enough food to feed their own countrymen, let alone foreigners who decide to live there permanently.
Their large population currently entails approximately a massive 1,321,851,888 citizens. According to Wikipedia, The People’s Republic of China is composed ethnically of “56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Han Chinese, who constitute about 91.9% of the total population. Large ethnic minorities include the Zhuang (16 million), Manchu (10 million), Hui (9 million), Miao (8 million), Uyghur (7 million), Yi (7 million), Tujia (5.75 million), Mongols (5 million), Tibetans (5 million), Buyei (3 million), and Koreans (2 million).” The birth rate is 13.14 births per 1,000 members of the population. The one child per family policy instated by the Chinese government obviously heavily influences this figure. The death rate is 6.94 deaths per 1,000 members of the population.
Chinese emigration does not seem to greatly affect the country in which they leave from. This is due to the large population and struggle to support so many. In a sense, emigration (to a certain extent), may be in fact welcome.
China’s current net migration rate is negative 0.4 migrants per 1,000 members of the population. However, it wasn’t always like this. The Chinese have had historic migration to the United States, with vast social implications, since the 1800s. They came in the mid 19th century, and were mainly the first Asians to come to America. These workers did labor primarily along the transcontinental railroad, as well as in mining towns. Many white workers saw them as the “yellow peril”, and the Chinese immigrants faced much racial discrimination in the States. Organizations in the United States, including labor unions, protested against their immigration and their seizing of potential white jobs. Opposition was so strong that in 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act banned Chinese from immigrating for ten years, and was extended by the Geary Act in 1892. By 1924 Asian immigrants “were fully excluded by law, denied citizenship and naturalization, and prevented from marrying Caucasians or owning land.” Anti-Asian sentiment began to dissolve after World War II, and in 1943 Chinese immigration was again allowed into the United States. Large scale immigration, however, did not occur again until 1965.
- Jacob Davis

China

: Argentina

Population: 39,537,943

Ethnic Composition: 97% Spanish and Italian
3% Mestizo, Amerindian, and Other

Birth rate: 16.9/1000
Death rate: 17.56/1000
Migration rate: .4/1000


Argentina was appealing because of its abundance of natural resources and its need for farmers and factory workers. Argentina's history regarding immigration has helped it to develop a complex system including permanent, temporary and humanitarian entry. After the 1990s a number of Mercosur provisions, including the 2002 Free Movement and Residence agreement which grants Mercosur citizens an automatic visa to designated EU area, have helped to authorize regional unauthorized immigrants. Argentina continues to attract immigrants from neighboring countries and overseas while simultaneously allowing the outflow of a number of highly skilled youngsters. Immigration is both permanent and temporary as there continues to be a need for low wage labor in urban and rural environments. Unlike the United States and the UK, Argentina is working on maintaining open immigration policies.

I.S.

Argentina

: Philippines

Population: 91 million
Ethnic Breakdown: Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3%
Birth Rate: 24.48 births/1,000 population
Death Rate: 5.36 deaths/1,000 population
Migration Rate: -1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population.
Reasons: in the early 1900's American plantations on Hawaii used many Tagalog workers, up to 7,000 to Hawaii a year. In the 1970's under the rule of Ferdinand Marcos, the Philippine economy deteriorated and Filipinos migrated to places all over the world such as Italy with some 128000 migrants, and other places in Europe. More than 60% of the laborers in Italy are Filipino. China and parts of the middle east also took immigrants. After its annexation by the United States a huge number of Filipinos moved to the US because of the opportunities it then allowed.
Reactions: Places like the Philippines often use migration to their benefit by lowering unemployment because there are less people and for overseas people to send money back to the country.

Philippines

: Germany

Population=82,431,390
Population growth rate=0.0%
Birth rate=8.33 births/1,000
Death rate=10.55 deaths/1,000
Net migration rate=2.18
migrant(s)/1,000
Ethnic groups=German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (largely Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Germany has had many factors that deter immigrants, attract immigrants, or even spark emigration from the country. Industrialization created jobs that were often filled by guest workers from foreign nations. Also during the Nazi regime, foreigners from Nazi occupied countries were sent to do forced labor. The Nazi regime also sparked an outflowing of refugees, some were ethnic Germans. After the war, many returned, but there was also another wave of guest workers who found jobs in the industrial sector of the nations recovering post-war economy. Also, with the division of Germany over idealistic policies and communism contributed to immigration issues. The East placed heavy restrictions on its people, causing many ethnic Germans to migrate. Once the two divisions were reunited, some of those who migrated returned. Today, Germans struggle with identity, citizenship legislation, and guest worker programs that can help the economy. The issue is currently a very debated topic there.
-Elaine N.

Germany

: Albania

Albania is located in Eastern Europe, to the east of the Adriatic Sea. The population of Albania is 3,600,523 people. The people of Albania are mostly Albanian, about 95%, but the country is also about 3% Greek, with the last 2% attributed to a large mix of different people including Serbs, Macedonian, and Bulgarian. The birth rate is about 15.16 births per 1,000 population while the death rate is about 5.33 deaths per 1,000 population. About 70% of the population considers themselves to be Muslim while 20% is Albanian Orthodox and the remaining 10% is Roman Catholic. The rate of immigration is -4.54 migrant(s) per 1,000 population.
A lot of Albanians migrate to Greece, Germany, or other countries in Europe as well as North America, searching for job opportunities. In particular, there is a strong community of Albanians in the United Kingdom. However, the economy of Albania has slowly been improving which has caused the emigration rate to steadily decrease.

By: Stephanie Jemilo

Albania

: El Salvador Immigration/Emigration

Population: 6,948,073
Ethnic composition: Mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%
Birth rate / death rate: 26.13 births/1,000 population & 5.6 deaths/1,000 population
Rate of immigration: -3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population

El Salvador Immigration/Emigration

: Brazil Immigration-Trevino

Population: 186,112,794
Ethnic Composition:
White (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)-55%
mixed White and Black: 38%
Black: 6%
Other: 1%
Birth Rate: 16.83 births/1,000 population
Death Rate: 6.15 deaths/1,000 population
rate of immigration: -0.03 migrants/1,000 population
Reasons for emigration: Emigration began in the late 1980s in response to the "lost decade" in Brazil-a period of high inflation, economic decline, and unsuccessful liberal economic policies. Brazilians from across the socioeconomic spectrum traveled abroad to seek low-skill work for more pay. The majority of emigrants travel to the United States, Paraguay, and Japan. Now, the majority of Brazilian emigrants obtain Mexican visas to cross into the United States.
Reasons for immigration: South and Central Americans make up 46.5% of the immigrants to Brazil. This is followed by Europeans (23.4%), Asians (15.5%), and North Americans (9.7%). The main reason for immigration to Brazil is the government's desire to attract and pay high-skilled employees.
Reactions: In 1981, Brazil established an immigration law that defined different categories for visas (travel, work, etc.) Recently, the government has been prioritizing work visas for visitors who have at least a college degree. However, there has been an influx of low-skilled immigrants. Labor unions, who must compete with these immigrants for jobs, have called upon the government to make it more difficult for new immigrants to obtain working visas. The Brazilian government is currently working to strengthen the common market in South America and create new alliances with other countries. This will likely increase the flow of illegal immigration to Brazil. Brazil is also experiencing economic growth, which will likely decrease the rate of emigration.

Brazil Immigration-Trevino

: Australia

Population: 20,434,176
Birth Rate: 12.02 per 1000
Death Rate: 7.56 per 1000
Net Migration: 3.78 per 1000

The top sending country is the UK, then New Zealand, India, and China. The ethnic make-up is 92% white, 7% asian, and 1% aborigine and other. In 1901 they made a law that made it very difficult for non-whites to immigrate into the country, but this was revoked in 1973. They suspended all immigration during the Great Depression. They revoked it in 1938 when Jewish refugees wanted permission to enter the country. After WWII they had a huge campaign to inrease the population of the country, but then around 1970 they had more people wanting to come in than the government wanted. Because of the massive immigration Australia is very over populated which causes environmental problems and a serious lack of affordable housing.

Australia

: French Immagration

France

Sean Maher


Statistics


Population: 60,656,178 (July 2005 est.)

Ethnic groups: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities

Birth rate: 12.91 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate: 8.55 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate: 1.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Reasons for immigration or emigration


According to the OECD in 2006, the predominate reason for migration to France in 2004 was family reunification. 11.9 percent come for work, 6.5 seeking asylum, and 17.3 for other reasons. Previous to 1974 most immigrants were workers, however during the early 70’s, due to unemployment, France stopped recruiting workers. However many workers already in the country continued to bring their families in, and family reunification became a major source of immigration. Many immigrants are from former French colonies in North Africa or Asia, and many are Muslims. Large numbers of asylum seekers in France seek to escape to Britain, where asylum laws are more generous, attempting to leave the Sangate facility in France and sneak across the Euro tunnel, and France’s inability to prevent these persons from crossing the Euro tunnel is a major point of contention with the British.


Political and Social Reactions to Immigration and Related Issues.


Although, like the braceros of America, early on France invited the workers, of late, they have begun to regret their earlier decision. They officially stopped inviting persons into the country in 1974, and since then there have been varying degrees of xenophobia in the French people. They have enacted new laws, limiting the immigration of families and attempting to limit immigration to skilled and educated persons. Further complicating things is the fact that many immigrants are north African Muslims in what is advertised as a secular nation with a catholic past. There are numerous cultural clashes, borne out of the idea that one cannot be simultaneously a Frenchman and religious. One recent conflict was on a ban on all religious paraphernalia in state schools, which included the headscarves which all muslin women are encouraged to wear upon reaching puberty to maintain modesty. They were banned in French schools, sparking outrage, protest, and even hostage taking in the middle east. Further, the 2005 riots, caused as a result of the deaths of two north African teens as a result of police pursuit, largely erupted because the Muslim community felt marginalized and prosecuted.

Recent immigration laws have been aimed at increasing integration and preventing sans papiers, or persons in the country without the correct documents. France characterized their current policy as “integrationist,” aiming to assimilate immigrants to French society. They have gone so far as to institute an integration contract, which provides new immigrants with language and civics classes. The penalty for immigrants guilty of crime are unusually high, including deportation in some cases. However the French government has also made some efforts to prevent discrimination against immigrants, with some efficacy.

French Immagration

: SYRIA

Head of State - Oresident Bashara-Assad
Form of Government - Presidential Republic
Capital CIty - Damascus
Population - 20,314,747
Brief History - In 1920 the independent Arab Kingdom of Syria was established. They professed their independence again in 1941 but were not formally recognized until 1944.

SYRIA

: Pakistan

Head of state: President General Pervez Musharraf
Form of government: federal republic
Capital: Islamabad
Population: 164,741,924
Brief history: After the creation of the State of Israel, Jews living in Pakistan were ostracized and subject to public mistrust. There were anti-Israel demonstrations held at the Karachi synagogue. There wasn't a lot of Pakistani involvement in the conflict until about 1987. In 2003 Pakistan considered forming diplomatic ties with Israel. Both heads of government sat down at a formal meeting in 2005 and officially formed a diplomatic alliance. America is pressuring Pakistan to recognize the State of Israel. However, Pakistan's head of state Musharraf was quick to assure the press that this does not mean Pakistan recognizes the State of Israel.

Pakistan

: Israel

Head of State: Prime Minster Ehud Olmert
Form of Government: Parliamentary Democracy
Capital City: Jerusalem
Population: 6,426,679
Much middle eastern conflict stems from the very establishment and recognition of Israel as a state. Several Arab nations resent the Jewish state and have launched several attacks as a result of it.

Israel

: Palestinian Authority

Head of State- Prime Minister (?)Mahmoud Abbas
Form of Gov- Mixed Parliamentary
Capital- Ramallah
Population- 3,702,212 (05 estimate)

They are the conflict. They were formed out of the PLO, which dealt with Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts before 1994 when it was created. Their desire for a sovereign country with the backing of almost all the countries in the region has lead to multiple wars.

Palestinian Authority

: Jordan

1. King Abdullah II
2. Constitutional monarchy
3. Amman
4. 6,053,193 (as of July 2007)
5. In 1967 Jordan entered a mutual defense pact with Egypt and Syria, with the goal of destroying Israel. Soon after, an Israeli preemptive strkie targed Jordanian air forces as well as its allies. In 1994 Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement to end hostilities and promote mutual cooperation.

Jordan

: Iraq

The President is Jalal Talabani. There is also a prime minister, the current one being Nuri al-Maliki. The form of government recently started, is a parliamentary democracy with 18 governates. Its capital city is Baghdad. The population of Iraq is 27,499,638 people. The involvement of Iraq in the Middle-East conflict started with the Iraqi troops supplied on the first day of the British withdrawal with the coalition of other Arab countries. Following the armistices reached with many of those countries, Iraq, similarly to many other Arab countries, wanted to get rid of te Jewish populationl iving in its borders. The Iraqi government wanted them to leave on the condition of surrendering their Iraqi citizenship causing conflicts within the nation, including bombings and riots that killed Jews, and were later blamed on Jews. The only ones they wanted to stay were an elite few who were wealthy and contributed a lot to the Iraqi economy. By 1970, most of the Iraqi Jews had left the country.

Iraq

: Saudi Arabia

Head Of State:Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz
Form of Govt: Absolute Monarchy
Capital City: Riyadh
Population: 24,735,000
For the most part, Saudi Arabia has stayed on the side lines of the Arab-Israeli conflict. On one hand they want to maintain good relations with the Unites States, who they have trade relations with. One the other hand, as a Muslim nation they have privately supported the Palestinians by funding Hamas. In recent years they proposed a peace plan. Under the stipulations of this plan, Israel would be recognized but they would have to forfeit the lands they gained in the 1967 war. Also, Palestinian refugees must be allowed to return and a seperate Palestinian state must be established with East Jerusalem as the capital.

Saudi Arabia

: Kuwait

Head of State: Prime Minister NASIR MUHAMMAD al-Ahmad al-Sabah
Capital: Kuwait
Form of Government: Constitutional emirate
Population: 2,505,559
Brief History: Kuwait had been an ally of Iraq during the Iraq-Iran war. But, after the Iraq invasion of Kuwait, Kuwait began to side with the US because the US came to their aid to push the Iraqis out.

Kuwait

: Afghanistan

1. President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai
2. Type of Government: Islamic republic
3. Capitol: Kabul
4. Population: 31,889,923
5. Brief History: Afghanistan celebrates its independence day on August 19th (beginning in 1919), when they declared independence from the British. Since then , Afghanistan has been frequently changing its type of government, currently having the Islamic Republic established by the US.

Afghanistan

: Race in South Africa

Theme 1

Apartheid lasted from 1948 to 1994 when democratic elections were held. Although Apartheid has ended, people of different races in small towns still live very different lives. Also, racism is being reinforced by economic inequalities. There is a non-black minority enjoying high living standards while the black majority is impoverished.
-AH

Race in South Africa

: United Kingdom's Weapons of Mass Destruction

United Kingdom's Weapons of Mass Destruction

: Darrius, Jorge, Jackie (U.K)

independently tested first nuclear weapon (operation hurricane) in October 1952

one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" (NWS) under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (ratified in 1968)

an approx of about 165, consisting of 144 deployed weapons plus an extra 15 percent as spares

tested about 44-45 weapons

Darrius, Jorge, Jackie (U.K)

: France

France first developed nuclear weapons in 1960 while under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle. It was the fourth country to develop such technology and is a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It is suspected that France maintains a stockpile of 350 nuclear warheads. In the 1960s France began testing their weapons in French Polynesia and received a good amount of protest. Most recently in 1995, former president Jacques Chirac decided to undergo another series of nuclear testing in Mururoa. A year later, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was signed by the UN.

France

: Beginning of the Darfur Conflict/Genocide (depends on who you ask what it is)

The Conflict in Darfur can be simplified into one between Arabs and Africans but that would be an unfair simplification of the conflict’s roots. The conflict has much to do with the manner that the Egyptians and British employed in governing the Sudan, giving preferences to the urban center of Khartoum and the Nile Valley over the more desolate, periphery regions such as Darfur. The situation was further exacerbated by the catastrophic famine of 1983 and 1984 (The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon famously suggested that the conflict was caused at least “in part by climate change) The famine coincided- ironically enough- with great population growth which could not be controlled by the economy. These all led to the solidification of tensions between Rebel Groups and the central government which eventually exploded into Conflict.

Beginning of the Darfur Conflict/Genocide (depends on who you ask what it is)

: First Blood

The date when the Conflict in Darfur begun is debated. There are the 3 candidates:

1. 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Qur'an to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages.

2. June 2002 when the Rebels launched an attack on the Golo Police Station

3. 26 February 2003 when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) attacked on Golo, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District
Most international organizations consider the 26th of February 2003 as the beginning of the conflict.

First Blood

: First Blood- Golo

Darfur

The date when the Conflict in Darfur begun is debated. There are the 3 candidates:

1. 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Qur'an to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages.

2. June 2002 when the Rebels launched an attack on the Golo Police Station

3. 26 February 2003 when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) attacked on Golo, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District
Most international organizations consider the 26th of February 2003 as the beginning of the conflict.
E.V; S.D.

First Blood- Golo

: Al-Fashir

Darfur

On April 25th, 2003 the JEM and SLA surprise attack on al-Fashir overwhelmed and totally surprised the government forces and destroyed four Antonov bombers and helicopter gunships, killed 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were and capturer 32 more including a Major General This operation terrified the Sudanese government, who feared that the fighting might spread to Khartoum. For the rest of the spring of 2007 the SLA achieved local and regional tactical successes and the government had to turn to paramilitaries to defend its rather fragile position.
Key terms:
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM): rebel group led by Khali Ibrahim which is in conflict with both the Sudanese National Government and the Janjaweed. The JEM commonly attacks Sudan’s Chinese-owned oil fields whose revenue the JEM believes funds the actions of the Janjaweed.
Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA): The SLA was originally one rebel organization which fought against the Sudanese government but at the moment it is divided into two factions, one of which nominally supports the government while the other continues on its traditional animosity against both the government and the Janjaweed.

EV, SD

Al-Fashir

: 1970

Iraq

An agreement was produced between the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Government of Iraq. On March 11th 1970, the agreement was formed which determined that the government of Iraq would acknowledge the Kurdish people and grant them land. However there was much unrest because the land given to the Kurdish people covered only three of the five provinces that the Kurdish people had wanted. Fortunately for the Kurdish people, the provinces that they were given had places like the city of Kirkuk, which had a rich supply of oil. This eased the tension between the Kurdish people and the Iraqi government for the time being.

1970

: N'Djamena Agreement

Darfur

The April 8 the Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement was brokered by Chad and agreed upon by the Sudanese government and the JEM and SLA rebel groups. The JEM had splintered in two prior to the signing of the accord so its splinter group The National Movement for Reform and Development does not accept the terms of the treaty. The Janjaweed has also failed to uphold the terms of the Treaty because it sees itself as working outside the Sudanese government- ie. Not its direct instrument- and so sees no cause to ascribe to the Treaty’s conditions. In order to monitor the terms of the ceasefire between the signatories, the AU established a Ceasefire Commission.

Terms of the Ceasefire:

“1 The parties undertake to join their efforts in order to establish a global and definite peace in Darfur….
3 The parties undertake to create a conducive environment for negotiations and to cease all hostile media campaigns……
Article 2: The cessation of hostilities between all the forces of
the parties will be effective 72 hours after the signing of this Agreement.
During the cease-fire, each party shall:
-Refrain from any recruitment operations;
-Refrain from any military action, and any reconnaissance operations
-Disengage and refrain from any deployment, movement or action which could extend the territory under its control or which could lead to a resumption of hostilities;
-Stop laying landmines; mark and sign post any danger areas and mine fields;
-Refrain from supplying or acquiring arms and ammunitions;
-Refrain from any act of violence or any other abuse on civilian populations;
-Stop any act of sabotage;
-Stop any restriction on the movement of goods and people;
-Stop any form of hostile act, including hostile propaganda;
-Ensure humanitarian access;
-Refrain from any military activity which, from the opinion of the Cease-fire Commission or the Joint Commission, could endanger the cease- fire….
Article 6: The parties shall ensure that all armed groups under their control comply with this Agreement. The forces of armed opposition should be assembled in clearly identified sites. The Sudanese Government shall commit itself to neutralize the armed militias.”

Naturally, the Sudanese government can be, and has been, criticized for its inability to “neutralize the armed militias” following the Agreement. The Janjaweed is one of the groups that is covered by that article of the Ceasefire but the official government has failed to live up to the commitment it made to its fellow signatories

N'Djamena Agreement

: 1974

Iraq

By the time 1974 rolled around, the tension between the Kurdish people and the Iraqi government had gone to all time high. It was at this time that mass amounts of Kurds revolted against the government. The United States was giving support to Iran in its dispute with Iraq, and Iran was supporting the Kurds in their dispute with Iraq. In 1975, the dispute between Iran and Iraq ended, which meant the US support ended, which meant that the Kurds no longer had support. In an attempt to spare their own lives, many Kurds fled the country to Iran and remained their as refugees.

1974

: Adre, Chad

Darfur

Chad’s reward for brokering the cease-fire between the Sudanese government and the rebel militias was an attack on its town of Adre by the Sudanese government in December 2005. Chadian Rebel Groups- believed to be supported by the Sudanese government- attacked the Chadian town of Adre. The Chadian army easily repulsed the attack- killing somewhere between 70 and 300 Rebels depending on who you ask- but the situation led to a breakdown of Chadian-Sudanese relations and led to the beginning of the Chadian-Sudanese conflict which the Janjaweed was able to exploit to cause further casualties to innocents in Darfur.
EV, SD

Adre, Chad

: 1974

Iraq

Do to the fact that the revolt of the Kurds had failed, the countries “ethnic cleansing/Arabization Campaign began to run strong. This cleansing was begun by the Ba’th government and involved the systematic extermination of all those of the Kurdish culture. One reason for this was because the Kurdish people lived in a land that was rich in oil, which the Iraqi government wanted. During this time, the Kurdish people were forced out of their homes sent to refugee camps moved into “collective” towns or worse, killed in mass numbers. Once all of the Kurds were removed from the land, the area filled with rich pockets of oil became off limits to anyone, especially Kurds.

1974

: Kalma Refugee Camp Incident

Darfur

By the summer of 2006, the terms of any cease-fire were forgotten by all parties. In July 2006, the Janjaweed gang-raped and murdered seven women who left the refugee camp of Kalma to get food. In the aftermath of the incident, the Sudanese government rejected the offer of 20,000 AU/UN peacekeeping force and demanded that it use government troops to “protect the peace” in Darfur. At the same time, reports of systematic rape - other than the aforementioned incident and numbering in the hundreds, mostly in the Kalma area- reached the UN Security Council . On August 25th, the US State Department warned that unless peace-keeping forces were immediately deployed to Darfur, the situation would become truly catastrophic. (not that it wasn’t already)
EV, SD

Kalma Refugee Camp Incident

: 1980

Iraq

During this time period, the government of Iraq, led by Suddam, had taken serious measures to eliminate the “Kurdish threat”. They were considered a threat for multiple reasons. One reason being that they had land that had much oil, two being they had the support of Iran, and three being they had already attempted to revolt against the government. Suddam put his cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majid in charge of this campaign. He took his power and used it to its fullest extent. Ali used chemical weapons, mass murders, and mass destruction of whole villages in attempt to wipe out the Kurdish people.

1980

: Anne Frank's Birth

Holocaust

Anne Frank was born on June 12, 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany.

Anne Frank's Birth

:

Raphael Lemkin was born in Wolkowysk, Poland, a town right outside of Bialystok. It was in this town, in 1921, that he first became involved in the Armenian genocide when he heard the story of Tehlirian killing Talaat. He was shocked at the injustice of the situation, and did not understand why Tehlirian should go to jail for killing one man, while Talaat was given no punishment for killing hundreds of thousands.

In 1920, Lemkin enrolled in the University of Lvov where he first studied naming and the "insight words supplied into a culture" (Power,21). After he heard about Talaat's assasination, he became interested in law and transfered to the Lvov Law School. He later became a local prosecutor.

: Oxfam Incident, Gereida

Darfur

On June 17th, 2007 Oxfam announced that it was pulling out its resources and personnel from Gereida- the largest refuge camp in Darfur- as a result of the inability of the SLA to patrol the region and ensure security to Oxfam personnel. This was in response to the killing of members of NGO organizations, as well the hijacking and seizure of supplies belonging to the United Nations and other multinational organizations. Even though the AMIS (the African Mission in the Sudan) force was deployed to Darfur at this time, the international community felt that its personnel were still in clear and present danger in the Darfur Region.

Oxfam Incident, Gereida

: 1984

Iraq

The Anfal Campaign occurred this year and was once again a campaign to wipe out the Kurds that were still left. This was probably one of the worst reigns of destructions out of all that occurred up until this point. Everything and anything that had any relation to the Kurdish culture was destroyed down to their foundations. Nothing was sacred and nothing was left untouched. 1200 villages were destroyed; 182,000 people were killed. By the end of it all, the total number of Kurds that were “cleansed” had surpassed 300,000 in more than 4,000 villages.

1984

: Rwanda Genocide 2

In 1993, Tanzania, with support of the West, helped to establish a peace agreement between the Tutsi and Hutu known as the Arusha accords. UN peacekeepers would be deployed to patrol the cease-fire.

U.N. Peacekeeper Dallaire would receive his first assignment in Kigali.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 2

: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769

Darfur

The United States had threatened sanctions against the Sudan in view of its continued human rights abuses and inability to control the actions of the Janjaweed, actions that many believe are sponsored by the Sudanese government- making the government at least guilty of negligence if not conspiracy. On July 31st, 2007 the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1769 which deployed a 26,000 UN/AU (UNAMID) contingent to resolve the Darfur conflict. This force replaced the earlier ineffectual AMIS force deployed to the region. The Resolution was accepted by Darfur after an initial draft which pushed for sanctions against the Sudan- and championed by the United States in the SC- was rejected by the Sudanese government.
UNAMID: Planned to deploy 19,555 military personnel and 3,772 police to the region. As of December 2007, 9,065 uniformed personnel have been deployed to the Sudan; 6,880 of this contingent were military troops. The following nations have pledged to deploy personnel as a part of UNAMID (which was originally envisioned as an all African force)
Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Rwanda, Senegal, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, the UK

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769

: 1991-Present

Iraq

During the Gulf War, the US tried to get the Kurds to fight back, and at one point in time it seemed like they were going to be able to push the Iraqi military out of their lands. However they were unsuccessful and fled the country again to find safety in Turkey and or Iran. However with the help of the UN, the Kurdistan National Front was founded. By 1992 elections were taking place and a National Assembly was formed. By 1996 a ceasefire was declared and both sides worked with the agreement. In 2002, the entire National Assembly was able to come together in the town of Erbil.

To learn more, check out this video we created. www.adamalonso.com/School/Kurdistan.mpg

1991-Present

: Start of the Armenian Genocide

Armenian

April 24, 1915
The Armenian Genocide began in Constantinople, Turkey with the mass slaughter Armenians, including 250 intellecuals, leaders, arists and businessmen.

Start of the Armenian Genocide

: Rwanda Genocide 1

Before Rwanda gained independence from Belgium in 1962, the Tutsi, although only constituting fifteen percent of the country enjoyed privileged status. However, with their independence, the Hutu majority took control of the country and from then on discriminated and often implemented waves of ethnic cleansing against the Tutsi. In 1990 a group of armed Tutsi exiles stationed on the Ugandan border invaded Rwanda. For the next few years a civil war would continue between Tutsi Rebels and the Hutu regime.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 1

: Frank and Van Pelsen Families' Place of Hiding

Holocaust

The Holocaust is a term used to describe the systematic and deliberate extermination of nearly 6.5 million European Jews during World War II (1939-1945). After the Nazi party came to power under Adolph Hitler on January 30, 1933, the persecution of the Jews began almost immediately. Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews in Germany were increasingly restricted. In 1935, Hitler introduced the Nuremburg Laws, which denied the Jews German citizenship and stripped them of all civil liberties and rights. As a result of the Nuremburg Laws, the Gestapo began issuing letters of deportation to Jews across Germany. One of these deportation notices was delivered to Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank. When the family received word of the notice, they made the decision to go into hiding. After leaving their homes, the Frank and Van Pelsen families went into hiding in a secret annex above the Opetka Offices in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Frank family--Anne, 13; her sister Margot, 16; her father Otto, 53; and her mother, 42-- arrived at the offices on November 6, 1942, and the Van Pels family joined them on November 13, 1942. During the duration of their stay in the annex, they were assisted by Miep and Jan Gies--employees at the offices. It was here that Anne wrote about her relationships the others in hiding in her diary, which was later published. Despite the confinement of the annex, Anne remained optimistic and hopeful--qualities which have made her an "inspiration" to readers of her diary. She wrote in her diary regularly until her final entry on August 1, 1944. After two years spent in hiding, the location of the annex was disclosed to German police by an unknown informant. On August 4, 1944, the annex was stormed by members of the German Security Police, and all members of the Van Pels and Frank families were arrested. The police, led by Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer, then took the families to the Gestapo headquarters where they were detained and questioned. On August 6, the families were transported to Westerbork--a detainment camp. Although Miep and Jan Gies were detained and threatened for their assistance in hiding the families, they were ultimately released.

Frank and Van Pelsen Families' Place of Hiding

: Erzindjan

Aremenian

In June of 1915, Armenians were deported from the city of Erzindjan on an almost daily basis. In total, approximately 20,000 Armenians were killed during this process, including 3,000 on June 30 alone.

Erzindjan

: Death Counts

Darfur

September 2004: World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the first 18 months of the conflict caused approximately 50,000 deaths which were mostly due to starvation rather than violence.

In October 2004, the WHO put the number at some 70,000 for the March to October period of that year but the report was flawed and heavily criticized because the WHO counted only deaths by starvation and disease, not by actual violence

On March 30th, 2005 (http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L30582172.htm) the death toll- including death by violent means- was estimated at 300,000 by a British Parliamentary Group.

In March 2005, the UN’s Emergency Relief Coordinator reported that close to 10,000 people were dying per month as a result of ethnic violence.

In April 2005, the Coalition for International Justice put the death toll at 400,000; later that year, the Coalition raised the death toll to 450,000.

On the 21st of September 2006, the UN News Service published a report which put the death toll at over 400,00 deaths since the beginning of the conflict. The report went on to say that approximately 2 million people lost their homes as a result of the conflict. These are the figures most commonly referenced when discussing the conflict’s (rather, genocide’s) casualty count.

Death Counts

: Raphael Lemkin

Raphael Lemkin was born in a town called Wolkowysk, Poland, right outside of Bialystok. It was here, in 1921, that he first became involved in the Armenian genocide when he heard that Tehlirian had killed Talaat. He was shocked that Tehlirian could go to jail for killing one man, but Talaat went unpunished for killing hundreds of thousands.

In 1920, Lemkin enrolled in the University of Lvov to study naming. He was very interested in the "insight naming supplied into a culture" (Power,21). When he heard of Talaat's assasination, he became interested in law, and transfered to the Lvov Law School.

Raphael Lemkin

: The Gestapo

Holocaust

The Gestapo which is the Secret State Police is established. Dachau, the main concentration camp for political prisoners, is built. Nazis declare a boycott of Jewish businesses around March/April of 1933 and also practice a law in which (excluding non-Aryans) removes Jews from government and teaching positions.

The Gestapo

: Genocide? You decide

Darfur

The situation in Darfur is more commonly referred to as a “humanitarian catastrophe” than as genocide. The United States was the first nation to label the conflict“genocide” and it is also the first time that the United States has deemed the conflict “genocide” while still ongoing. A UN report commissioned in 2004 (as a result of the Security Council Resolution 1564) reported that while there mere mass murders, rapes, and destruction of property in Darfur, the “genocidal intent” could not be established. The UN Secretary-General's Commission of Inquiry on Darfur established a connection between the Janjaweed and the Sudanese government and handed over its findings to the International Criminal Court which has yet to bring “genocide” charges against any guilty parties. In 2007, a mission led by Nobel Prize Winner Jody Williams attempted to enter the Sudan and establish if the situation could be deemed genocide but was denied entry into the country by the Sudanese government. This lack of transparency on the government’s part is reminiscent of historic genocides and was stressed in the Mission’s report. The United Nations Human Rights Council reported in 2007 that the Sudanese government was failing in its commitments to the protecting the human rights of its citizens but stopped short of labeling the conflict genocide or directly implicating the government in the Janjaweed’s actions. In 2005, the US Congress passed the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act which calls upon the US government to take an active role in fighting the genocide and endorses a Chapter VII Security Council Mandate in Darfur. So far, no other nation has gone as far as this in condemning the actions of the Janjaweed as genocidal.

In 2004, the former US Secretary of State Colin Powell declared:
“Genocide has occurred in Darfur and that the government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility, and that genocide may still be continuing.”

In 2005, the UN Commission on Darfur reported;

“ In particular, the commission found that government forces and militias conducted indiscriminate attacks, including killing of civilians, torture, enforced disappearances, destruction of villages, rape and other forms of sexual violence, pillaging and forced displacement, throughout Darfur…."These acts were conducted on a widespread and systematic basis, and therefore may amount to crimes against humanity…."The crucial element of genocidal intent appears to be missing, at least as far as the central government authorities are concerned. Generally speaking, the policy of attacking, killing and forcibly displacing members of some tribes does not evince a specific intent to annihilate, in whole or in part, a group distinguished on racial, ethnic, national or religious grounds."

Other international institutions such as Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, and the African Union have failed to declare Darfur a genocide.

(In our opinion): The situation in Darfur is clearly a genocide. While the issue of "genocidal intent" might still be debatable in regard to Darfur, it is clear that the Janjaweed is engaged in the systematic murder, rape, and torture of non-Muslims in Darfur. The government of the Sudan is clearly guilty of at least conspiracy to commit genocide becuase of its endorsement and active trade of arms and other equipment with the Janjaweed. The international community must call the situation what it is in order to take the necessary actions to diffuse the situation and to punish those guilty of genocidial crimes and of crimes against humanity. So far, no one has been brought up on genocidal charges regarding the situation in the Sudan.

Genocide? You decide

: Rwanda Genocide 7.5

July 19th, after rebels finally stop the Rwandan genocide the RPF government is sworn in and 1.7 million Hutu refugees flee to neighboring Zaire and Tanzania.

In 100 days 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu had been killed. Rwandan refuges in neighboring Zaire were dying of hunger and cholera at a rate of approximately 2,000 per day. The U.S. administration authorizes $170 million for humanitarian relief.

In 2001 the Rwanda's flag was changed so as not to be associated with the genocide.

View pictures to see the new flag and the leader of the RPF, Paul Kagame.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 7.5

: Rwanda Genocide 12

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was created November 8, 1994 by the UN. The ICTR was to prosecute the high level members of the former Rwandan government and Hutu regime. Rwanda was responsible for indicting the low level criminals. It was decided that prosecution was to take place for crimes committed between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994. The ICTR is currently based in Arusha, Tanzania. This is a wanted poster created by the US government for the Rewards for Justice Program. This helped the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in indicting ringleaders. BO+IS

Rwanda Genocide 12

: Rwanda Genocide 5

April 6th, 1994 Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana’s Mystére Falcon jet had been shot down, killing President Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira. Radio Mille Collines, the Hutu extremist radio station, calls for the extermination of all Tutsi “cockroaches.”

April 7th Ten Belgian UN peacekeepers are mutilated prompting a Belgian withdraw from Rwanda. Prime Minister Umilingiyimana is hunted down and killed.
The Hutu controlled army, the gendarmerie, begin to kill off all Tutsi officials and civilians. In response, the Rwandan Patriotic Front resume their civil war against the Hutu regime.

April 9th and 10th 1,000 French, Belgian, and Italian soldiers arrive in Kigali for the evacuation of Ambassador Rawson and 250 Americans.

April 25th Most of Dallaire’s troops had been evacuated. 503 UN peacekeepers remained in Rwanda.

I.S. and B.O.

Rwanda Genocide 5

: Lemkin In Madrid

After drafting his paper on a law prohibiting the destruction of nations, races and religious groups. He was supposed to talk in the Madrid Conferece of 1933 but was refused to leave by the Polish Foriegn minster because the Polish were attempting to endear to Hitler. His draft was not well accepted in the League of Nations. He then continued to Lobby for the draft in Budapest, Cairo, Paris and Amsterdam warning the people that just like Armenia, Hilter had the power and the will to kill the entire Jewish population just as he had written in his book Mein Kampf.

Lemkin In Madrid

: Kharput

Armenian

Before the genocide Kharput was a calm Armenian town. However, starting July 1st the Turk's campaign against Armenian existence reached them. 2,000 Armenian soliders in the Turkish army were executed. A fear of the Turskih government was that the Armenian would somehow muster a force to fight back. So on July 7 they rounded up 800 "able-bodied" men and executed them. By July 13, 1915 there were no more Armenians in Kharput.

Kharput

: Deir el-Zor

Armenian

Surving as an ending point and thus a death camp for several marches, the first chunk of Armenian deportees would arrive here on august 3, 1915 in a group of about 15,000. Approximately on month later on September 11, 6,000 more were seen by military forces en route to the city.

Deir el-Zor

: Albania/Kosovo

The first incident of genocide occurs with he Balkan Wars (1812-1813), which led Albania to desire freedom and Independence. King Peter of Serbia did not approve and thus issued a decree to all Serbians that if Albania could not be controlled it should be exterminated. Tens of thousands were killed, butchered, or raped. All the while, the rest of Europe was silent. A cease-fire was eventually made, and national borders were restrctured. Albanians condemned the Serbain government for their brutal assaults. Even afterward, Albanians continued to receive discriminatory treatment from Serbs in shared regions.

The second was not exactly in Albania, but ethnic Albanians were targeted because they were the majority in the region. Other causes were territorial disputes and the formation of an Albanian separatist movement in Kosovo. This occurred in 1999 in Kosovo, where at least 2,000,000 people (half were Albanian) were displaced and 200,000 killed. An estimated 10,000-12,000 ethnic Albanians were killed. About 2,500 Albanians are still missing. Slobodan Milosevic was eventually charged for his war crimes. In fact, the Racak Incident (where Albanian civilians in Kosovo were massacred) was featured in the war crimes charges for which he was indicted and put on trial by the International Criminal Tribunal.

Albania/Kosovo

: Franks' and Van Pelsens' Hideout in the Secret Annex

Holocaust

The Holocaust is a term used to describe the systematic and deliberate extermination of nearly 6.5 million European Jews during World War II (1939-1945). After the Nazi party came to power under Adolph Hitler on January 30, 1933, the persecution of the Jews began almost immediately. Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews in Germany were increasingly restricted. In 1935, Hitler introduced the Nuremburg Laws, which denied the Jews German citizenship and stripped them of all civil liberties and rights. As a result of the Nuremburg Laws, the Gestapo began issuing letters of deportation to Jews across Germany. One of these deportation notices was delivered to Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank. When the family received word of the notice, they made the decision to go into hiding. After leaving their homes, the Frank and Van Pelsen families went into hiding in a secret annex above the Opetka Offices in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Frank family--Anne, 13; her sister Margot, 16; her father Otto, 53; and her mother, 42-- arrived at the offices on November 6, 1942, and the Van Pels family joined them on November 13, 1942. During the duration of their stay in the annex, they were assisted by Miep and Jan Gies--employees at the offices. It was here that Anne wrote about her relationships the others in hiding in her diary, which was later published. Despite the confinement of the annex, Anne remained optimistic and hopeful--qualities which have made her an "inspiration" to readers of her diary. She wrote in her diary regularly until her final entry on August 1, 1944. After two years spent in hiding, the location of the annex was disclosed to German police by an unknown informant. On August 4, 1944, the annex was stormed by members of the German Security Police, and all members of the Van Pels and Frank families were arrested. The police, led by Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer, then took the families to the Gestapo headquarters where they were detained and questioned. On August 6, the families were transported to Westerbork--a detainment camp. Although Miep and Jan Gies were detained and threatened for their assistance in hiding the families, they were ultimately released.

Franks' and Van Pelsens' Hideout in the Secret Annex

: Diyarbakir

Armenian Genocide

During the Armenian genocide, Diyarbakir housed labor/death camps, making it a death trap. Similar to Nazi camps that would emerge later, the guards were known to round up prisoners and shoot them at random. In one day, July 5, 1915, 2,000 were killed.

Diyarbakir

: Phnom Penh, Cambodia

1. The Khehmer Rouge toppled the U.S. backed Lon Nol regime in April of 1975. Pol Pot was behind this take over but Prince Sihanouk was used as a public figure head. Approximately 2,000,000 people were evacauted from the city, even those who were patients in hospitals. Many even died while being led out of the city, approximately 20,000, due to lack of sustenance.
The United States responded by evacuating all of its citizens, and proceeded to keep its hands off of Cambodia, mostly due to negative sentiment from its recent luck with Vietnam.

(picture- Pol Pat, the leader of the communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge from 1975-1979)

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

: Khartoum: Roots of Conflict

Darfur

The Conflict in Darfur can be simplified into one between Arabs and Africans but that would be an unfair simplification of the conflict’s roots. The conflict has much to do with the manner that the Egyptians and British employed in governing the Sudan, giving preferences to the urban center of Khartoum and the Nile Valley over the more desolate, periphery regions such as Darfur. The situation was further exacerbated by the catastrophic famine of 1983 and 1984 (The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon famously suggested that the conflict was caused at least “in part by climate change) The famine coincided- ironically enough- with great population growth which could not be controlled by the economy. These all led to the solidification of tensions between Rebel Groups and the central government which eventually exploded into Conflict.

Khartoum: Roots of Conflict

:

On January 11, 1967 Proxmire made his first genocide speech, saying that he would not rest until the United States ratified the genocide convention. Over the course of 19 years, he made 3,211 speeches writing a new speech each time with the help of interns. Many of the themes of his speeches revolved around past genocides including the Turksih genocide and the Holocaust. He relied heavily on modern day news events and genocides to galvanize the senate to ratify the convention. Here is a breakdown of the number of speeches he made on the senate floor over the course of the 19 year period:
1967: 199
1968: 158
1969: 176
1970: 208
1971: 186
1972: 162
1973: 184
1974: 168
1975: 178
1976: 142
1977: 178
1978: 159
1979: 168
1980: 166
1981: 165
1982: 147
1983: 150
1984: 131
1985: 170
1986: 16

: Aleppo

-Governor Celal of Aleppo was relieved of his duties at governor after he refused to comply with the annihilation campaign.
-Celal was not the only Turkish politician to stand up for the rights of his people. Governmor Mazhar of Ankara and Governor Reshid of Kastamonu were also dismissed from office because of their objections to the genocide.
-The orders for the annihilation campaign were coming from the Young Turk Party, one of whose leaders was Mehmed Talât. As minister of the interior during the Armenian Genocide, much of the blame has been put on Talât, who has been known to have said "Kill every Armenian man, woman, and child without concern."
-One part of the Young Turk Party’s plan to rid Turkey of Armenians was to expel the Turkish Armenians (that had not already been brutally murdered) to the Syrian Desert. Aleppo was a key location to this plan. Aleppo is located right next to the desert and served as a deportation point. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians were sent to Aleppo and then expelled into the desert.
- The Young Turks plan for the expulsion of Armenians into the desert was that most people would die because of lack of food or water under the boiling sun. While marching to their death, women were raped and people beaten.

Dates
-August 1, 1915: 20,000 people arrive in Aleppo
-August 3, 1915: 60,000 people arrive in Aleppo
-August 12, 1915: 200,000 Armenians are expelled from Aleppo into the desert of Der-El-Zor
-August 26, 1915: 60,000 Armenians are deported from Aleppo into the desert region of Hawran

*There are two photos included in this marker. The first is of Mehmed Talât, the minister of the interior during the genocide. The next picture is of a exiled family, marching to their death.

Aleppo

: Battambang, Cambodia

Cambodia

The province of Battambang was completely liberated from the genocidal regime on January 13, 1979. At that time, the People’s Committee of commune-Sangkat was founded through the first-ever elections in 1983. Between 1979 and 1986, Battambang had 9 districts and one provincial town.

2. Victims included anyone associated with the old regime, the educated, the vietnamese, the Muslim cham, the Buddhist Monks, and other "bourgeois elements". They were targeted because Salath Sar (Pol Pot) was esssentially looking to turn the clock backwards and maintain a simpler communist society. He got rid of the educated because they were not a 'clean slate', the vietnamese because they could corrupt his aim, and the Muslims and Buddhists due to their religion.

Battambang, Cambodia

: Siem Reap, Cambodia

Cambodia

4. In 1997, Cambodia asked for assitance from the United Nations to begin conducting trials against the senior leaders of Democratic Kampuchea who "planned or gave orders", as well as those responsible for committing "serious" crimes. The long delay, almost 20 years, was due to the Cambodian civil war, which officially ended in 1998. In 1999, the Cambodian government created the Task Force, a group dedicated to preparing for the trials and dealing with the United Nations. The international negotiations were long and arduous, but were concluded in 2003. The trials are still

In 1999 the Cambodian Government appointed a Task Force to prepare for the trials and negotiate with the UN. The negotiations with the UN were long and it is true to say that there were some misunderstandings and differences of opinion before both sides agreed in 2003 on the details of international participation. In 2004, the trials began. The minimum sentence is five years in prison and the maximum is life in prison. There will be no death penalty because it is unconstitutional in Cambodia.

Siem Reap, Cambodia

: Kampong Thom, Cambodia

Cambodia

3. 1.5-1.7 Million death toll.

International influence-
After Vietnams invasion, the retreating Khmer Rouge had some help from American relief agencies—20,000 to 40,000 guerrillas who reached Thailand received food aid—and the West also ensured that the Khmer Rouge held on to Cambodia's seat in the United Nations. The Cold War continued to dictate what allegiances and priorities were made. The Khmer Rouge went on fighting the Vietnam-backed government. Throughout the 1980s the Khmer Rouge forces were covertly backed by America and the UK (who trained them in the use of landmines) because of their united hostility to communist Vietnam. The West's fuelling of the Khmer Rouge held up Cambodia's recovery for a decade. Under international pressure, Vietnam finally withdrew its occupying army from Cambodia. This decision had also been forced by economic sanctions on Cambodia (the US's doing), and by a cut-off in aid from Vietnam's own backer, the Soviet Union. The last troops left Cambodia in 1989, and its name was officially restored. In the 1978-1989 conflict between the two countries (and their behind-the-scenes international string-pullers) up to 65,000 had been killed, 14,000 of whom were civilians. The Khmer Rouge guerrillas, of course, opposed Cambodia's political reforms, but their organization had begun to crumble.

(photo- a mass grave of deceased Cambodian victims)

Kampong Thom, Cambodia

: Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Cambodia

5. The U.S.'s response, or lack thereof, to Cambodia, proves an interesting point about foreign politics. Due to the U.S.'s stay in Vietnam, the country had a bad taste in its mouth related to intervening in that region. Fighting in Vietnam, a war that was going nowhere, lost us the chance to to come in and fight for a just cause in Cambodia. Thus the Vietnam war did damge in more ways then one. Our country must therefore look at intervention with a broader scope in mind.

(photo- Khmer Rouge flag)

Kampong Cham, Cambodia

: Our Thoughts

Iraq

For the past couple of weeks we have discussed the topic of Genocide in its many forms. By learning about the horrors of the world, we can have better understandings of current events. By having this understanding, we as future leaders of the world can have a better grasp on issues when they come up.

Gabriel P. Adam A. Darrius Y.

Our Thoughts

: Bergen-Belsen and the tragic events...

Holocaust

Bergen-Belsen was authorized in April 1943 and at first it was to be occupied by prisoners of war but the rooms had to be made suitable for when the Jews would be coming. The Bergen-Belsen location was later turned into 8 separate concentration camps. October 6th, 1944 Anne Frank and her sister Margot Frank were sent to Bergen-Belsen from Auschwitz at which they were separated from the rest of their family and friends. A month later, November, in order to hide Nazi war crimes, the demolition of the crematoria at Auschwitz begins. From January 1945 and on the evacuation of thousands of prisoners from the camps experience extreme overcrowding of the camp which begins the mass deaths of the prisoners. Anne and Margot Frank die at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp within days of each other during February/March of 1945 but it still isn't known from what they exactly passed away from. The other friends that stayed in hideout with them also passed away in the months to come. Otto arrives in Amsterdam, where he is reunited with Miep and Jan Gies. He concentrates on finding Anne and Margot & later receives a letter telling him that his daughters died at Bergen-Belsen.


From April to November of 1945, Adolf Hitler commits suicide, Germany surrenders, and the war
ends in Europe. The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals begin as well.

Bergen-Belsen and the tragic events...

: Genocide, A recognized word

Lemkin published a book called Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, a 712 page book of all the laws imposed in Nazi occupied Europe. It also included a restatment of the proposal he made in Madrid to outlaw the crime of genocide. The purpose of his book was to make the world accept Nazi atrocities for what they were, and so that the world would be unable to argue that Nazi atrocities were prevalent. After urging the ambassadors of many deveolping countries to introduce a resolution on genocide, the General Assembly passed a resolution condeming genocide on December 11, 1946. But Lemkin wasn't done, he believed a law needed to be passed to ban genocide. He figured out that the delegates were just listening to their people, so he spoke to the committees of 28 different countries claiming a joint membership of some 240 million people. Lemkin was a, "man who speaks throught sixty nations." Lemkin would Travel to Geneva to help draft the genocide convention. On December 9, 1948, fifty-five delegates passed the convention banning genocide. After 15 years he had finally reached his dream of internationally banning the destruction of nations, religions and races.

Genocide, A recognized word

: Sivas

-The deportation of Armenians from Sivas began in June 22, 1915.
-The entire Armenian population living in Sivas was exiled through seven separate campaigns.
-Along the march out of Sivas, all males over the age of 10 were taken away to be killed.
-Girls and women of all ages were raped and ravanged.
-There were some heroic cases of resistence in Sivas. A group of Armenians, led by Miss Shahinian fought their oppressors until all were dead.
-The Armenians that were not taken away, beaten, raped, or murdered, died because of a lack of water and starvation.
-August 13, 1915: 15,000 Armenians are murdered in Sivas.

*The above pictures depict a pile of dead Armenians and a young men, starved to death.

Sivas

: Lemkin in Nuremburg

Lemkin was a critic of the Nuremburg trials because of their leanency with the convicted. The Germans were not convicted for crimes commited before the war, only those commited in the territorys the occupied. Lemkin wanted the trials to be a place where he could promote his idea of genocide and get it internationally recognized. The victors of the war just, "wanted him [Lemkin] to just leave us alone so we could convict these guys of mass murder."

Lemkin in Nuremburg

: Westerbork

Holocaust

After their arrest, the Van Pels and Frank families were sent to the Westerbork detainment camp in Hooghalen, The Netherlands. Unlike other concentration camps, Westerbork was not a death camp. Its function was to detain Dutch Jews and prepare them for transport to other Nazi concentration camps. When the Van Pels and Frank families arrived at the camp, it was holding thousands of jews and gypsies from Germany and the Netherlands. Between July 1942 and September 1944, trains left weekly for Auschwtiz-Birkenau, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen, and Theresienstadt. A total of 107,000 people passed through the camps on 93 trains. Of these, only 5,200 Jews survived after leaving Westerbork. When Anne Frank and her family arrived at Westerbork, they were treated as criminals because they were arrested in hiding. They were immediately sent to the detention barracks for hard, manual labor. After nearly a month at Westerbork, Anne and her family were transported to Auschwitz on September 2, 1944. They left on the first of the last three trains ever to leave Westerbork (the final three transports were likely a response to pressure from Allied forces).

Westerbork

: Auschwitz

Holocaust

Auschwitz is the name given to a complex of camps in Oswiecim Poland, Auschwitz 1 an administrative center, Auschwitz 2 (Birkenau) a death camp, and Auschwitz III (Monowitz) a forced labor camp. Roughly 1.1 million persons were killed during the period in which the camp operated. The camps were run by the SS, and Rudolf Höß was the commanding officer. Birkenau contained gas chambers that used Zyklon B gas with the specific intention of eliminating the prisoners of the camps.
Ann Frank and the rest of the Achterhuis group were deported to Auschiwitz on the last transport train from Westerbork. The group was separated. Otto Frank ended up in a men's sick barracks, where he remained for the remainder of the war until being liberated by the Soviets. Anne Frank, her Sister, and her mother, Edith Frank, were chosen for work duty in the women's camp. During the day they hauled rocks and preformed other menial labor. On October 28th, 1944, the girls were chosen for deportation to Bergen-Belsen, but Edith was left behind where she starved to death.

Auschwitz

: Van

Armenian Genocide

"If the rebels fire a single shot," he declared, "I shall kill every Christian man, woman, and" (pointing to his knee) "every child, up to here."
-Jevdet

One area that was able to hold up a small resistance was Van. When the Turkish army came to Van, they were quietly making ready to fight back. So when an Armenian woman was attacked by a Turkish office, and two Armenian men died trying to help her, the Armenian in Van were ready to fight back. They held the Turkish army off until May 6. However, they did so at a cost. 55,000 civilians were dead by the time the Russians came to their aid.

Van

: Maquiladoras

Maquilardoras are factories in third world countries where raw materials are exported. The materials are exported duty and tariff free because of free trade laws. These factories then use cheap labor and at times sweatshop like conditions to make a finsihed product out of the raw materials which is then exported out of the country, usually to the country that provided the raw materials. This practice allows for cheaper production and cost cuts for a corporation. The materials made by maquilarores factories can then be put together at a mass factory with other materials compiled from maquilarores factories from all over the world.

Maquiladoras

: Thailand Globalization

By: Gabe and Erica

Basic economic overview – Thailand is the 2nd largest economy in South east Asia, it’s main industry is automotive with a continued emphasis of agriculture
GDP growth rate – agriculture 10%, industry 44.9%, services 45.2% as of 2006
Labor force (composition) – agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37%, unemployment 1.8% as of 2006
Inflation Rate – 5.1% as of 2006

The currency of Thailand is the Thai Baht, and its role in globalization is important. Thailand has been known to be what they refer to as a “tiger economy” with its aggressive interest rates and its competitive attitude within the global economy. When the Thai Baht’s value dropped drastically overnight, the South Eastern Asian economy collapsed dragging millions of people with it. The IMF was the key factor in the furthering of the collapse and eventually Thailand was able to pull itself out of the mess. Thailand is very export heavy and works with the United Sates closely. Its automotive industry was a definite factor in Thailand’s success in coming back from the drastic recession of its economy. Other strengths in its economy include agriculture (although it has declined over the past 25 years) while tourism has increased. There have been increases of importation, which reflects the need to increase production. To sustain its stability the economy depends on continued reform. Over the past 25 years it has become a prominent member of the World Trade Organization and the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement.

By: Gabe and Erica

Thailand Globalization

: NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement was put forward by the Clinton admisinistration with the goal of increasing trade and investment between the US and Canada and Mexico. The agreement eliminated non-tariffs barriers, beginning on January 1, 1994, with full elimination of these non-tariff barriers on January 1, 2008.
Between Mexico and Canada, and between US and Canada came separate bilateral NAFTA agreements that maintain tariffs on dairy, sugar, eggs, and poultry. However, between the US and Mexico, came a bilateral agreement in a more liberalized framework.
So far trade has increased between the three countries but statistics show that trade has increased at the same rate with non-NAFTA countries. The industry of Mexican factories has flourished, making the border states into metropolitan areas. Agriculture is a gray area for NAFTA. For example, some argue that NAFTA has depressed the incomes of Mexican corn farmers, but some studies cite this trend from the decade before NAFTA.

With NAFTA and other trade agreements, the net manufacturing employment in the US has declined by 3,654,000, indicating US deindustrialization due to the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs.
Some economists claim that NAFTA has had a negative effect on U.S. workers in the manufacturing industry, due to the fact that they have lost jobs.
Many Neoliberal economists believe that NAFTA has not worked fast enough to produce economic convergence, as well as elimanate some poverty.

NAFTA

: Chile

--Erica

According to one of the most recent censuses, Chile has a population of approximately 15,116,435 people. About 85% of the people live in urban areas, mostly near the capita of Santiago, and with the other 15% residing in other rural areas. In Chile, the birth rate has been on the decline since the early 1990s, and the death rate of 2007 was about 5.87 deaths per 1,000 births.
Chile is located in Latin American, and most of its population is made up of mestizos, or people of a mix of Spanish and Indian heritage.
Chile has never been a magnet of immigration, never experienced large scale waves of immigrants to its borders. The Chilean government encouraged the immigration of many whites, yet when Asians and even some Africans immigrated they were not welcomed, and many were discriminated against by the native population. The 1970s brought about a new era of emigration to and from Chile with the institution of Dictator General Augusto Pinochet. With his rule came the fleeing of many Chileans to other Latin American countries as refugees, and many others were forced to leave. After the fall of Pinochet in 1988, immigration levels changed once more with the arrival of many who had previously fled Chile. Now, Chile is working on making a modern immigration policy, including maintaining relations with Chileans outside of the borders, maintaining and developing its borders and border crossings, and cooperating in conferences with other nations regarding migration issues and policy. The country is also focused on working towards a better integration policy that is still in its infancy.

Chile

: Switzerland

By the year 1200AD the Swiss plateau was divided between the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg and Kyburg and Switzerland was founded as a sovereign nation on August 1st 1291. Switzerland was important the main countries that surrounded it because it was used as a central trade route. Due to the fact that it is centrally located in Europe, Switzerland has four national languages; German, French, Italian, and Romansh.
Switzerland has a growing population of roughly 7.5 million people and the composition of those people remains on where they are located within the country. (NE would be German origins, SE would be Italians, and W would be French) The people of Switzerland live a happy life and therefore live a long life. The average lifespan of a male in Switzerland would be 85 years and the average lifespan of a woman would be 89 years old. The death rate and birth rates correspond to the longer lifespan. The percentage of children born each year has progressively grown each year. The death rate has declined as well with the improvements in healthcare and better lifestyles.
Not many people currently immigrate to Switzerland, but in the past many people have, especially in time of war. Since Switzerland is a neutral country it has provided a safe haven for many people that are and or were running away from persecution. Presently, Switzerland does a fine job of accepting those that immigrate across its borders as long as it is done legally and properly. There is much help available for those looking to get a Swiss visa and also for those looking to become permanent residents of Switzerland. The country is very open as far as immigration goes, however during times of war they did have many issues that arose from it. Due to the fact that they are centrally located in Europe, many people that need to flee would flee to them; they are the closet and easiest place to go. So this made and issue for the people of Switzerland who now had to deal with an influx in mass amounts of refugees almost from other countries. The politics of Switzerland has had a major hand in dealing with the immigration issues.
The political setup of Switzerland is much different from that of other countries. It has a council of seven members that run and lead the country. This council also works with two other political bodies similar to the American senate and House of Representatives. This system of government has seemed to work out well for the people and for the country. Switzerland does not have many national issues that cause uproar with the people. The people are happy with their country and that makes other people want to come to their country. So as for present day immigration, the only reasons that most people would come to Switzerland would be for a better life, a life that they can feel comfortable in.

By: Gabriel Perez

Switzerland